Vol.1938 55]J FRIEDMANN,Additional Hosts ofthe Parasitic Cowbirds 41 ADDITIONAL HOSTS OF THE PARASITIC COWBIRDS • BY HERBERT FRIEDMANN IN several earlier publications('The Cowbirds,' 1929; Auk, 1936, pp. 52-65; Condor,1933, pp. 189-191; Ibis, 1934,pp. 340-347; WilsonBulletin, 1934,pp. 25-36, 104-114) I have compiledall that was known to me of the speciesof birdsacting as hostsof the variousspecies of cowbirds. Sincethe last of these, I have gatheredconsiderable additional information,based partly on unpublishedspecimens in private collectionsand partly on data gleanedfrom recentpublications. :Forinformation generously sent me, I am under great obligationto Mr. G. D. Smookerof St. Joseph,Trinidad, Sefior Jos• Caetano Sobrifiho of Arcos, Minas Geraes, Brazil, Dr. L. E. Hicks of Ohio, Dr. Paul Harringtonof Toronto,and Mr. T. E. Randall of Alberta. MOLOTHRVSBON•_m•NSm (Gmelin). ShinyCowbird To the 137 speciesand subspeciesof birdspreviously listed as vierimsof the variousraces of the Shiny Cowbird,we may now add 21 others,bringing the total up to 158. The additionsare as follows: Certhiaxiscinnaraomea cinnaraomea (Gmelin). YELLOW-THROATEDSPINE-TAIL, Phacellodomusstriaticollis striaticollis (LMresnaye •nd d'Orbigny). RUFOUS- HEADED THORN-BIRD. Anumbius anumbi (Vieillot). LE•ATERO. Elaeniafiavogasterfiavogaster(Thunberg). YELLOW-VENTEDCRESTED FLYCATCHER. Mimus saturninusfrater Itellmayr. BRAZmIANMOCKINGRIRD. Mimus gilvustobagensis Delmas. TORAGOGRACEFUL MOCKINGRIRD. Turdus chiguancoanthracinus Burmeister. SOOTYTHRUSH. Hylophilusaurantiifrons saturatus (Itellmayr). EASTERNOCHRE-FRONTED WOOD- BIRD. Ateleodacnisbicolor bicolor (Vieillot). BICOLOREDATELEODACNIS. Thraupis episcopussclateri (Berlepsch). TRImDADTANAGER. Tachyphonusrufus (Boddaert). GREATERWHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER. Ramphoceluscarbo magnirostris Lafresnaye. LARGE-BILLEDTANAGER. Saltatorsimilis d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. ALLIEDS•TATOR. Oryzoboruscrassirostris (Gmelin). THICK-BILLEDSEED FINCH. Myospiza humeralishumeralis (Bosc). GRASSHOttERFINCH. Poospizaassimilis Cabanis. GRAY-•HROATEDWARBLING FINCH. Coccopsisnigrigenis (Lafresnaye). BLACK-FACEDCARDINAL. Leistesmilitaris superciliaris(Bonaparte). ARGENTINERED-BREASTED MASSn- BIRD. Pseudoleistesguirahuro (Vieillot). YELLOW-BACKEDMARSH-BIRD. Icierus nigrogularistrinitatis (Harterr). TRINIDADORIOLE. Holoquiscaluslugubris lug•bris (Swainson). BOAT-TAILEDGRACKLE. Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsontan Institution. 42 F•rDMANN,Additional Hoats ofthe Parasitic Cowbirds Auk Thesehosts involve three racesof the Shiny Cowbird,as follows: 1. •VJ[oLOTITRUSBONARIENSIS BONARIENSIS (Gmelin). ArgentineShiny Cowbird Phacellodomusatriaticollis atriaticollis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). A nurabiusanurabi (Vieillot). Turdus chiguancoanthracinus Burmeister. The knownhosts of thisrace of the parasitenow total 113forms. 2. •VIOLOTITRUSBONARIENSIS MELANOGYNA Stzolcman. Dark Shiny Cowbird 3/limus saturninusfrater Hellmayr. Poospizaas•imilis Cabaais. Turdus rufiventrisrufiventria Vieillot. Erabcrizoideaherbicola (Vieillot). Saltator aimilia d'Orbigny and Lafres- Sicalia pelzelni (Sclater). naye. Gnoriraopsarchopi (Vieillot). 3/lyospizahumeralis humerails (Bosc). Paeudoleiateag•lirahuro (Vieillot). Thesenine bring the known victimsof the Dark Shiny Cowbird up to eleven forms. 3. •J[OLOTHRUSBONARIENSIS MINIMUS Dalmas. Small Shiny Cowbird Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea Tachyphonusrufus (Boddaer•). (Gmelin). Ramphocelus carbo magnirostris Elaenia flavogasterflavogaster (Thun- fresnaye. berg). Oryzoboruscrassirostris (Gmelin). Mimus gilvustobagensis Dalmas. Coccopsianigrigenis (Lafresnaye). Hylophilus aurantiifrons saturatus Icterus nigrogula•'istrinitatis (Har•ert). (Hellmayr). Holoquiscalusluqub•'is lugubria (Swain- Ateleodacnisbicolor bicolor(Viciflor). son). Thraupis episcopusaclateri (Berlepsch). The list of hostsof this cowbirdis herebyraised to a total of twenty-four forms. In the followingannotated list, not only are all of the abovelisted forms taken up in greaterdetail, but alsoa few others,about whichrelatively importantadditional data have cometo hand, are brieflytreated. Certhiaxiscinnaraomea cinnamomea (Gmelin).--One record;a nest with four eggsof the Yellow-throatedSpine-tail and one of the Small Shiny Cowbird,collected in the CaroniMarshes, Trinidad, July 18, 1930, by Mr. G. D. Smooker,to whom I am indebted for this and most of the other Trinidad casesmentioned in this paper. Phacellodomusstriaticollis striatieollis (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).-- Pereyra(El Hornero,5: 215-219, 1933) recordsa nest of the Rufous- headedThorn-bird containing four of its own eggsand three of the Shiny Vol.1938 J FrXrDMA•,Additional Hosts ofthe Parasitic Cowbirds 43 Cowbird,from Argentina,now in the National Museumin BuenosAires. The nesthas a tube-likevestibule leading to the nestchamber; the cowbirds' eggswere in the tube and not in the chamberwhere the thorn-birds'were. Anumbiusanumbi (Vieillot).--One publishedrecord has come to my notice. Castellanos(El Hornero,5: 332, 1034) found young of the Shiny Cowbird in a nest or nestsof this speciesin the Valle de Los Reartes, Cordoba,Argentina. Pitangussulphuratus bolivianus (Lafresnaye).--According to Castellanos (El Hornero,5: 332, 1934) this large flycatcheris parasitizedby the ShinyCowbird in the Provinceof Cordoba(Valle de losReartes), Argentina. Previous records were from Tucuman and Mendoza. Elaeniaflavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg).--Belcher and Smooker(Ibis, 527, 1937) have found the Yellow-ventedCrested Flycatcher to be a molothrine victim in Trinidad. Phaeoprognetapera (Linnaeus).--In the Valle de los Rearres, Cordoba, Argentina,Castellanos (El Hornero,5: 332, 1934) found the Tree Martin to be victimizedby the Shiny Cowbird. This is the secondsuch instance known to me, the first beingGibson's record from Ajo, southernBuenos Aires (cf. 'The Cowbirds,'106-107, 1929). Mimus saturnthusfrater Hellmayr.--SefiorSobrinho informs me that in Minas Geraes,Brazil, this mockingbirdis victimizedby the Dark Shiny Cowbird. Mimus gilvustobagensis Dalmas.--Listed as a victim of the Small Shiny Cowbirdin Trinidad by Belcherand Smooker(Ibis, 527, 1937). Mimus patagonicus(Lafrcsnaye and d'Orbigny).--To the two previous recordsmay be addeda third, a nest containinga nearly fledgedShiny Cowbird,found by Renardnear the navalbase at PuertoBelgrano, Argen- tina (El Hornero, 5: 219, 1933). Turdusrufiventris rufiventris Vieillot.--The Rufous-belliedThrush has beenknown as a molothrinehost in Argentinaand Uruguay. We learnfrom Sobrinhothat it actsin this capacityin Brazil (MinasGeraes) as well for the Dark Shiny Cowbird. Turdus ch•guancoanthracinus Burmeister.--One record. Castellanos (El Hornero,5: 332, 1934) found a parasitizednest in Valle de los Rearres,Cordoba, Argentina. Turdusamaurochalinus (Cabanis).--Previously known as a molothrine victim in Tucuman Province, Argentina, it is now recordedin the same capacityfarther to the south,--at Valle de losReartes, Cordoba Province, by Castellanos(El Hornero,5: 310, 1934). Vireosylvachivi chivi (Vieillot).--The Chivi Vireo waspreviously known as a victim of the Shiny Cowbirdon the basisof three records. To these may be addeda fourth,--a nestwith no eggsof the vireoand two of M. b. 44 FRIEDMANN,Additional Hosts ofthe Parasitic Cowbirds [jAaa•' bonariensis,recorded by Pereyra (El Hornero, 5: 218, 1933) from San Isidro, Argentina. Hylophilusaurantiifrons saturatus (Hellmayr).--Two records,the data for both sent to me by G. B. Smookerwho found the nestsat Nelson's Estate, Trinidad, July 19 and 22, 1933. Each nest containedtwo eggsof the ownerand two of the Small Shiny Cowbird. Ateleodacnisbicolor bieolor (Vieillot).--Smooker writes me that he found a nestof this bird in the CaroniSwamp, Trinidad, July 18, 1932,containing two eggsof the SmallShiny Cowbird and noneof the Ateleodaenis. Thraupisepiseopus selateri (Berlepsch).--One record; a nest with two eggsof the Trinidad Tanagerand one of the Small Shiny Cowbird,St. Joseph,Trinidad, May 18, 1933, G. D. Smooker. Ramphoeelusearbo magnirostris Lafresnaye.--One record, Trinidad, G. D. Smooker(Ibis, 536-537, 1937). Pirangaflavasaira (Spix).--Accordingto Sobrinho(in lilt.) this tanager is victimizedby the Shiny Cowbird in Minas Geraes,Brazil. Previously recordedfrom thereby Skinner,possibly on the sameoriginal basis. Taehyphonusrufus (Boddaert).--Onerecord,--a nest with three eggsof this White-shoulderedTanager, containing three eggs of the ownerand one of the Small Shiny Cowbird, Nelson's Estate, Trinidad, August 4, 1930, G. D. Smooker. Saltatorsireills d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.--SefiorSobrinho informs me that in Minas Geraes,Brazil, this saltator is victimizedby the Shiny Cow- bird. Oryzoboruscrassirostris (Gmelin).--Belcher and Smookerlist this seed finch as a molothrinehost in Trinidad (Ibis, 527, 1937). Sicdls pelzelni(Sclater).--Previously known as a hostof the Shiny Cow- bird in Uruguay and Argentina, it may now be recordedas such in the provinceof Minas Geraes,Brazil, as well, from informationreceived from Sefior Sobrinho. Sicdisflaycola holti Miller.--Holt's SaffronFinch is listedas a victim of the ShinyCowbird in Minas Geraes,Brazil, by Sobrinho(in lift.). This is the second record known to me. Myiospiza humerailshumerails (Bosc).--The GrasshopperFinch is reportedby Sobrinhoas a host of the Shiny Cowbirdin 1V•inasGeraes, Brazil. Previouslytwo otherraces of thisfinch (tucumanensis and dorsalis) were known to be parasitized. Poospizaassimilis Cabanis.--The Gray-throated Warbling Finch is reportedto be a host of