CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Directory of Open Access Journals Debananda Roy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.97-113 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter (PM10) In an Integrated Coal Mining Complex of Jharia Coalfield, Eastern India, A Review. Debananda Roy1 & Gurdeep Singh2 Assistant Professor1, Professor2 1Dept. Environmental Science & Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation & Group of Institutions, Rajkot (GTU), Gujarat, India 2Centre of Mining Environment / Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004 Abstract Coal based thermal power generation accounts for 44.7% of the world's electricity and coal alone provides about 80% of the total energy demand in India. Energy-intensive industries deteriorate the air quality of the residential areas due to release of different pollutants, especially a range of deleterious heavy metals like Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr. Near about 53.3 percent of the coal produced every year in India has been used for thermal generation. Jharia Coalfield (JCF) is major contributor of coking coal in India. JCF receives particulate matter from various sources such as, opencast coal mining and its associated activities, thermal power stations, automobiles, generator sets fuel burning, construction activities, domestic coal, cooking gas burning, etc. and even the background contribution of natural dust (crustal origin) can not be ruled out, particularly, in the zones having loose topsoil. Concentration of particulate matter causes harmful impacts to the society. These multiple sources are contributing to particulates pollution in the study area. Apportionment of these sources indicating their contribution to ambient air pollution is vital for planning effective control strategies. Management of particulate pollution from various industrial sources in integrated industrial complexes such as JCF is a major area of concern. It can be assessed by determining emissions from various activities and resulting contribution of those multiple sources at various receptors using dispersion and receptor modeling through source apportionment study with respect to particulate matter (PM10) in JCF. Key Words: PM10, Jharia Coalfield, Source Apportionment, Industry, Receptor Modeling, Emission Inventory. I. Introduction issue due to increasing vehicle growth, distances The air we breathe is a mixture of gases, travelled and high rate of emissions. Pollutants from solid and liquid substances. Air pollution occurs these sources interact with soil and water and enter when the air contains substances in such quantities into the food chain (Zhang et al. 2007a). The PM has that could harm the comfort or health of humans and an adverse effect on human health too. Human animals, or could damage plants and materials (Alias exposure to high concentrations of PM10 can lead to et al. 2007; Hung 2013). Some substances generate several types of respiratory illness. PM is also from the natural sources while others are caused by responsible for the visibility reduction as it can also human activities. Emissions from industries and auto absorb and scatter sunlight of certain wavelengths exhausts are responsible for rising discomfort, (Dockery 1994). Long-term exposure to current increasing airborne diseases and deterioration of an ambient PM concentrations may lead to a marked artistic and cultural heritage in urban and industrial reduction in life expectancy. The reduction in life areas (Rao et al. 2003). expectancy is primarily due to increase of cardio Particulate pollution is a big area of concern pulmonary and lung cancer (WHO 2013). in the field of air pollution. The Particulate Matter Assessment of the air quality can provide (PM) in the air is the resultant of dispersion of dust useful insight for the development of the air quality from industrial (mining and non- mining) and allied management plan. The database developed on air activities, transportation, local vehicular movement quality also helps regulatory agencies to identify the and domestic fuel (coal, wood burning etc.) (Singh et locations where the natural resources and human al. 1992; Krishnamurthy 2005 and Lee et al. 2006). health could be at risk (Bart 1993; Costa and Dreher Vehicular pollution is also becoming an alarming 1997 and Murray et al. 2001). www.ijera.com 97 | P a g e Debananda Roy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.97-113 As per The Engineers Joint Council on Air industries are the industries that are specifically Pollution and its Control, USA", air pollution means established for power or electricity production, e.g., “the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or thermal power plants and coal mines. Energy- more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, intensive industries deteriorate the air quality of the odour, smoke or vapour in quantities, of residential areas due to release of different pollutants, characteristics, and of duration, such as to be especially a range of deleterious heavy metals like injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr (Messey et al. 2013). property which unreasonably interfere with the Electricity has become an essential part of our daily comfortable enjoyment of the life and property”. life. Coal based thermal power is meeting about two According to the World Health Organisation (1971), third of the total requirement of global power. Coal air pollution may be defined as “substances put into alone provides about 80% of the total energy demand the air by the activity of mankind into concentrations in India. Total primary energy demand in the world sufficient to cause harmful effect to the health, will grow by 54% by the year of 2030; it is projected vegetation, property or to the enjoyment of his to grow at an average rate of 1.6% per year. property”. Electricity growth is even stronger and is projected to The Air (Prevention and Control of be almost double from 2004 to 2030 (growing at Pollution) Act, 1981 of India describes air pollutant average 2.6% per year from 17,408 TWh to 33,750 and air pollution as: “Air pollutant means any solid, TWh). Demand of electricity is increasing most liquid or gaseous substance (including noise) present dramatically in developing countries like China and in the atmosphere in such concentration as may or India. China and India together account for 45% of tend to be injurious to human beings or other living the increase in energy sector, in the present scenario creatures or plants or property or environment.” (World Energy Outlook 2012). Concern about air pollution especially with Coal based thermal power generation reference to PM is receiving importance worldwide accounts for 44.7% of the world's electricity. Other (Azad and Kitada 1998; Salam et al. 2003 and resources are providing over 55.3% of world Cachier et al. 2005). Fine suspended particulate electricity (nuclear 20.6%, oil 1.1%, natural gas matter pose the most widespread and acute risks. It is 22.3% and hydro & other 11.3%). It is especially very well known that industrial installations suitable for large-scale, base-load electricity demand. producing bricks, iron, fertilisers and glass, coal-fired The demand of coal power is increasing all over the power stations etc. are the most important sources of world (CEA 2013). Global energy scenario is given particulate pollution (Arnesen 1997 and 1998; Cronin in Fig 1. et al. 2000; Haidouti et al. 1993 and Stevens et al. In recent years, India’s energy consumption 1997). has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the Airborne particulate matter varies widely world due to population growth and economic in its physical and chemical composition, source and development. During the 5-year period ended March particle size. PM10 particles (the fraction of 31, 2013, the Compound Annual Growth Rate particulates in air of very small size (<10μm) are of (CAGR) of consumption of petroleum products was major current concern, as they are small enough to approximately 4.6% (Source: PPAC, August 2013), penetrate deep into the lungs and so potentially pose compared to a CAGR for Gross Domestic Product significant health risks (Begum et al. 2004). A major (GDP) of 7.6% (Reserve Bank of India) for the same source of fine primary particles is combustion period. Despite the overall increase in energy processes, in particular diesel combustion, where demand, per capita energy consumption in India is transport of hot exhaust vapour into a cooler exhaust still very low compared to other developing pipe can lead to spontaneous nucleation of “carbon” countries. particles before emission. The atmospheric lifetime Now a days, India has one of the highest of particulate matter is strongly related to particle potential for the effective use of renewable energy. size, but may be as long as 10 days for particles of India is the world’s fifth largest producer of wind about 1mm in diameter. power after Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the USA. There is a significant potential in India for generation 1.1 Energy Scenario in World of power from renewable energy sources, like small Technologies of energy production and hydro, biomass, and solar energy. It is estimated that environmental pollution are intimately linked with national SHP (small-hydro power) potential is about each other (Nriagu et al. 1996). Energy-intensive 15000 MW (World Energy Outlook 2012). www.ijera.com 98 | P a g e Debananda Roy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.97-113 21% Nuclear Oil 45% 1% Gas 22% Hydro & Other Coal 11% (Source: Consumer Energy Alliance 2013) Fig. 1: Share of Coal Energy in Global Electricity Generation 1.2 Energy Scenario in India creating incentives for increasing the efficiency with Power sector has grown at an exceptional which energy is used.