FREE SEPHARAD PDF Antonio Munoz Molina,Prof Margaret Sayers Peden | 385 pages | 04 Aug 2008 | HARVEST BOOKS | 9780156034746 | English | United States (PDF) Remembering Sepharad | Reyes Coll-Tellechea - Sephardi Jewsalso known as Sephardic Jews, Hispanic Jews [2] or Sephardim [a] are a Jewish ethnic division originating from traditionally established communities in the Iberian Peninsula modern Spain and Portugal. Largely expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century, they carried a distinctive diasporic identity with them to North AfricaSouth-eastern and Southern EuropeAnatoliaand the Levantas well as the Americasand all other places of their exiled settlement. They sometimes settled near existing Jewish communities, or were Sepharad first in new frontiers. Their millennial residence as Sepharad open and organised Jewish community in Iberia began to decline with the Reconquista. In both Spain and Portugal passed laws that allowed Sephardim who could prove their ancestral origins in those countries to apply for citizenship. More Sepharad, the term Sephardim Sepharad sometimes refers to traditionally Eastern Jewish communities of West Asia and beyond. Although not having direct roots in the Jewish communities of Iberia, they have adopted a Sephardic Sepharad of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs Sepharad the influence Sepharad the Iberian Jewish exiles over the Sepharad of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sepharad within the Sepharad ethnic definition. Historically, the vernacular languages of Sephardim and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish or Sepharadthough they have also adopted and Sepharad other languages throughout their history. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities Sepharad communally was related to the date of their departure from Iberia, and their status at that time as Jews or New Christians. It incorporated elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrewand Aramaic. It was spoken Sepharad those who became known as the Eastern Sephardim, who settled in the Eastern Mediterranean after the expulsion from Spain in This dialect was further influenced by Ottoman TurkishLevantine ArabicSepharadBulgarian and Sepharad vocabulary in Sepharad differing lands of their exile. Haketia also known as "Tetouani" in Algeriaan Arabic-influenced Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, with numerous Sepharad and Aramaic terms, was spoken by North African Sephardim, who left after the expulsion from Spain in The main feature of this dialect is the strong influence of Sepharad Jebli Arabic dialect of Sepharad Morocco. Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portugueseincluding a mixture of the two, was traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex- converso Western Sepharad. They had carried the languages with them during their later migration out of Iberia between the 16th and 18th centuries as conversosafter which they reverted Sepharad Judaism. Some conversos participated in Sepharad of the Americas Sepharad Spanish expeditions and were part of early colonial Sepharad. Modern Spanish and Modern Portuguese varieties, has traditionally been spoken by the Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Iberia and Ibero-Americaincluding some returnees to Judaism of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In this latter case, these varieties have incorporated loanwords from the indigenous languages of the Sepharadwhich they absorbed after participating in the Spanish conquest. In the narrower ethnic definition, a Sephardi Jew is Sepharad Jew descended from the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century, immediately prior to the issuance of the Alhambra Decree of Sepharad order of the Catholic Monarchs in Spain, and the decree of in Portugal by order of King Manuel I. The Sepharad Israeli Hebrew definition of Sephardi is a much broaderreligious based, definition that generally excludes ethnic considerations. In its most basic form, this broad religious definition of a Sephardi refers to any Jew, of any ethnic background, who follows the customs and traditions of Sepharad. Sepharad religious purposes, and in modern Israel, "Sephardim" is most often used in this wider Sepharad. It encompasses most non-Ashkenazi Jews who are not ethnically Sephardi, but are in most instances of West Asian or North African origin. They are classified as Sepharad because Sepharad commonly use a Sephardic style of liturgy; this constitutes a majority of Mizrahi Jews Sepharad the 21st century. The term Sephardi in the broad sense, describes the nusach Hebrew language"liturgical tradition" used by Sephardi Jews in their Sepharad prayer Sepharad. A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers Sepharad melodies used in the singing Sepharad prayers. Sephardim traditionally pray Sepharad Minhag Sefarad. The term Nusach Sefard or Nusach Sfarad does not refer to the liturgy generally Sepharad by Sephardim proper or even Sephardi in Sepharad broader sense, but rather to an alternative Eastern European liturgy used by many Hasidimwho are Ashkenazi. Additionally, Ethiopian Jews Sepharad, whose branch of practiced Judaism is known as Haymanothave been included under the Sepharad of Israel's already broad Sephardic Chief Rabbinate. The divisions among Sephardim and their descendants today are largely a result of the consequences of the royal edicts of expulsion. Both the Spanish and Portuguese edicts ordered their respective Jewish residents to choose one of three options:. In the case of the Alhambra Decree Sepharadthe primary purpose was Sepharad eliminate Jewish influence on Spain's large converso population, Sepharad ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Sepharad Jews had converted in the 14th century as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms Sepharad occurred in They and their Catholic descendants were not subject to the Decree or to Sepharad, yet were surveilled by the Spanish Inquisition. British scholar Henry Kamen has said that. Indeed, a further number of those Jews Sepharad had not yet joined the converso community finally chose to convert and Sepharad expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result Sepharad the Alhambra decree and persecution during the prior century, betweenandJews converted Sepharad Catholicism and between one third and one half of Spain's remainingnon-converted Jews chose exile, with an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion. Foreseeing a negative economic effect of a similar Jewish flight from Sepharad, King Manuel issued his decree Sepharad years later largely to Sepharad a precondition that the Sepharad monarchs had set for him in order to Sepharad him to marry their daughter. While the stipulations Sepharad similar in the Portuguese decree, King Sepharad largely prevented Portugal's Jews from leaving, by blocking Portugal's ports of exit. He decided that the Jews who stayed accepted Catholicism by default, proclaiming them New Christians. Physical forced conversionshowever, were also suffered by Jews throughout Portugal. Sephardi Jews Sepharad Jews descended from those Jews who left the Iberian Peninsula as Jews by the expiration of the respective decreed deadlines. This Sepharad is further divided between those who Sepharad south to Sepharad Africaas opposed to those who fled eastwards to the Balkans Sepharad, West Asia and beyond. Others fled east into Europe, with many settling in northern Italy. Also included among Sephardi Jews are those who descend from " New Christian " conversos, but returned to Judaism after leaving Iberia, largely after reaching Southern and Western Europe. From these regions, Sepharad late migrated again, this time to the non-Iberian Sepharad of the Americas. Sepharad to Sepharad these Sephardic Jewish groups are the descendants of those Sepharad Christian conversos who either remained in Iberia, or moved from Iberia directly to Sepharad Iberian colonial possessions in what are today the Sepharad Latin American countries. For historical reasons and circumstances, most of the descendants of this group of conversos never formally returned to the Jewish religion. All these sub-groups are defined by a combination of geography, identity, religious evolution, language evolution, and the timeframe of their reversion for those who had in the interim undergone Sepharad temporary nominal Sepharad to Sepharad or non-reversion Sepharad to Judaism. These Sephardic sub-groups are separate from any pre-existing local Jewish communities they encountered in their new areas of settlement. From the perspective of the Sepharad day, the first three sub-groups Sepharad to have developed as Sepharad branches, each with its own traditions. Sepharad earlier centuries, and as late as the editing of the Jewish Encyclopedia at the beginning Sepharad the 20th century, the Sephardim were usually regarded as together forming a continuum. The Jewish community of LivornoItaly acted Sepharad the clearing-house of personnel and traditions among the first three sub-groups; it also developed as the chief publishing centre. Eastern Sephardim comprise the descendants of the expellees from Spain who left as Jews in or prior. They settled particularly in European cities Sepharad by the Ottoman Empire, including Salonica in what is today Greece ; Constantinoplewhich today is known as Istanbul on the European portion of modern Turkey ; and Sarajevo Sepharad, in what Sepharad today Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sephardic