Agreement and Transitivity in Middle Ukrainian Resultative and Passive -no/-to Constructions: A Corpus-Based Diachronic Investigation D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät II der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von M.A. Iryna Parkhomenko Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät II Prof. Dr. Ulrike Vedder Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Roland Meyer 2. Prof. Dr. Björn Hansen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung (Disputation): 21. Oktober 2016 Contents I. Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................4 II. List of abbreviations...............................................................................................................6 III. Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic signs.............................................................................7 IV. List of texts and their editions...............................................................................................9 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................14 2. Middle Ukrainian and its textual corpus...............................................................................31 2.1. Ukrainian: its origin, its status, its standard(s) and its dialects.....................................31 2.2. The language varieties of the Middle period.................................................................35 2.2.1. Chancellery languages in the Duchy of Lithuania: Ruthenian, Polish and Latin..35 2.2.2. The rise of prosta(ja) mova, a new literary language based on vernacular...........38 2.2.3. Was prosta(ja) mova a codified variety with clear-cut norms?..............................42 2.2.4. In how far did prosta(ja) mova shape (Great) Russian prikaznyj jazyk?..............43 2.3. Periodization of the Ukrainian literature.......................................................................44 3. Theoretical preliminaries......................................................................................................46 3.1. Indo-European roots of -no, -to and their further development in Slavonic.................46 3.1.1. Related constructions in Latin, Greek and Common Slavonic..............................46 3.1.2. Origins of the Polish -no, -to.................................................................................50 3.1.3. Origins of Eastern Slavonic -no, -to......................................................................54 3.1.4. The erosion of the participial paradigm as a trigger of -no, -to re-analysis...........58 3.1.5. Language policy in earlier centuries and the Purism of today...............................61 3.2. Grammatical categories relevant for -no, -to analysis...................................................69 3.2.1. Periphrastic passives alongside -no, -to.................................................................69 3.2.2. Tense marking auxiliaries in the structure of -no, -to............................................74 3.2.3. Agent expressions in the structure of -no, -to........................................................89 3.2.4. Predicate type in -no, -to and in periphrastic/participial passives.........................95 3.2.5. Lexical and morphological content of the NP of -no, -to....................................100 3.3. Summary.....................................................................................................................104 3.4. Setting objectives........................................................................................................108 4. Corpus linguistics and diachronic syntax............................................................................111 4.1. Qualities of modern corpora........................................................................................111 4.2. Construction, coding and application of MuDi (Middle Ukrainian Diachronic Corpus) ............................................................................................................................................112 4.2.1. Methods, standards and tools...............................................................................112 4.2.2. Corpus work flow: steps toward corpus implementation....................................115 4.2.3. Clause splitting in GATE.....................................................................................119 4.2.4. Grammatical categories marked in GATE...........................................................121 4.2.5. Data visualization: mosaic plots..........................................................................124 4.2.6. Data exploration: tests and linear regression.......................................................125 5. Qualitative observations and key tendencies of the Middle period....................................128 5.1. The desinence -o as a marker of predicates, modifiers and gerunds...........................128 5.2. Variation within the domain of participial endings: long vs. short forms...................131 5.3. Parallel use of non-agreeing -no, -to forms and agreeing passives.............................134 5.4. Variation within the domain of agent expressions.......................................................135 5.5. Variation within the domain of tense marking auxiliaries...........................................140 5.6. Nominative as object case...........................................................................................146 5.7. Non-canonical, disrupted and loose agreement...........................................................152 5.8. Co-existence of old nominative-accusative and new genitive-accusative forms........156 5.9. Formation from perfective, imperfective and iterative verb stems.............................157 6. Quantitative analysis and graphical display of the obtained data.......................................158 2 6.1. Middle Ukrainian literary texts [1,010,223 tokens]....................................................158 6.1.1. Ruthenian chronicles approx. late 1400s–1600s [14 texts; 307,005 tokens].......158 6.1.2. Cossack writings approx. 1600s–1700s [8 texts; 190,140 tokens]......................171 6.1.3. Diaries and memoirs 1725–1770 [5 texts; 124,361 tokens]................................183 6.1.4. Semi-secular religious polemics of 1500s–early 1600s [15 texts; 118,491 tokens] .......................................................................................................................................193 6.1.5. Local and monastery chronicles of 1600s–1700s [9 texts; 100,430 tokens]......203 6.1.6. The entertaining fiction of 1500s and 1600s [13 texts; 53,902 tokens]...............214 6.1.7. Pilgrimage reports, testament of the 1500s, vitae of 1600s [6 texts; 26,393 tokens] .......................................................................................................................................223 6.1.8. Poetry of 1500s, 1600s and of 1700s [10 collections and 3 texts; 89,501 tokens] .......................................................................................................................................232 6.2. Summary.....................................................................................................................252 6.3. Middle Ukrainian administrative texts: court files and legal documents....................255 6.3.1. Trial records of the Poltava regimental court (1668-1740).................................255 6.3.2. Court files of the Žytomyr town administration (years 1590 and 1635).............263 6.3.3. Luc'k castle book (1560-1561)............................................................................271 6.4. Summary.....................................................................................................................273 6.5. Polish contaminated texts [74,315 tokens]..................................................................274 6.5.1. Co się działo w miescie Mohilewie (Mohylevs'ka chronika), 1742 [48,663 tokens] .......................................................................................................................................276 6.5.2. Wielkiego xięstwa Litewskiego i Zmodskiego kronika (Ol'ševs'kyj litopys), 16th c. [16,885 tokens]..........................................................................................................285 6.5.3. Dziele miasta Witebska (Litopys Pancyrnoho j Averky), 1768 [8767 tokens]....292 6.6. Summary ....................................................................................................................299 6.7. Middle polish texts (PolDi) [136,609 tokens].............................................................300 6.7.1. Pamiętniki (Janczar), 1496-1501 [42,940 tokens]...............................................301 6.7.2. Dworzanin (Gornicki), 1566 [43,203 tokens]......................................................309 6.7.3. Pamiętniki (Pasek), 1659-1661 [50,466 tokens]..................................................316 6.8. Summary.....................................................................................................................324 7. Conclusions.........................................................................................................................325 8. Wrap-up summary and outlook...........................................................................................345