The Connection between Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos Risa H. Wechsler1 and Jeremy L. Tinker2 1Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305; Department of Particle Physics & Astrophysics, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, email: [email protected] 2Center for Cosmological Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, USA, 10003; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2018. Keywords AA:1{56 theoretical models, cosmology, galaxy formation, dark matter https://doi.org/10.1146/(please add article doi) Abstract Copyright c 2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved In our modern understanding of galaxy formation, every galaxy forms within a dark matter halo. The formation and growth of galaxies over time is connected to the growth of the halos in which they form. The advent of large galaxy surveys as well as high-resolution cosmological simulations has provided a new window into the statistical relation- ship between galaxies and halos and its evolution. Here we define this galaxy{halo connection as the multi-variate distribution of galaxy and halo properties that can be derived from observations and simulations. This connection provides a key test of physical galaxy formation mod- els; it also plays an essential role in constraints of cosmological models using galaxy surveys and in elucidating the properties of dark matter using galaxies. We review techniques for inferring the galaxy{halo con- nection and the insights that have arisen from these approaches. Some things we have learned are that galaxy formation efficiency is a strong function of halo mass; at its peak in halos around a pivot halo mass 12 of 10 M , less than 20% of the available baryons have turned into stars by the present day; the intrinsic scatter in galaxy stellar mass is small, less than 0.2 dex at a given halo mass above this pivot mass; arXiv:1804.03097v1 [astro-ph.GA] 9 Apr 2018 below this pivot mass galaxy stellar mass is a strong function of halo mass; the majority of stars over cosmic time were formed in a narrow region around this pivot mass. We also highlight key open questions about how galaxies and halos are connected, including understanding the correlations with secondary properties and the connection of these properties to galaxy clustering. 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 2 2. MODELS OF THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION ...................................................... 5 2.1. Preliminaries: What is a halo? .......................................................................... 5 2.2. Empirical models of the galaxy{halo connection ....................................................... 7 2.3. Physical models of galaxy formation ................................................................... 11 2.4. Complementarity between approaches .................................................................. 13 3. MEASUREMENTS THAT INFORM THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION .............................. 13 3.1. Galaxy abundance ....................................................................................... 13 3.2. Two-point galaxy clustering ............................................................................ 15 3.3. Group and cluster catalogs.............................................................................. 16 3.4. Weak gravitational lensing .............................................................................. 16 3.5. Additional observables .................................................................................. 17 4. BEYOND THE SIMPLEST MODELS OF THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION ........................ 17 4.1. What halo property is best matched to galaxies? ...................................................... 18 4.2. What galaxy property is best matched to halos?....................................................... 19 4.3. Scatter................................................................................................... 20 4.4. Assembly bias ........................................................................................... 21 4.5. Centrals vs. Satellites ................................................................................... 24 4.6. Occupation properties of satellite galaxies.............................................................. 24 4.7. Joint modeling of mass and secondary properties ...................................................... 25 5. CURRENT CONSTRAINTS ON THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION AS EXPRESSED BY THE SHMR .................................................................................................. 26 5.1. The mean stellar-to-halo mass relation for central galaxies ............................................ 26 5.2. Scatter for central galaxies.............................................................................. 27 5.3. Evolution ................................................................................................ 30 5.4. How does assembly bias manifest observationally?..................................................... 31 5.5. Systematic uncertainties ................................................................................ 32 6. CURRENT CONSTRAINTS ON SECONDARY PROPERTIES IN THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION 33 6.1. Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relations for star-forming and passive central galaxies .......................... 34 6.2. How does assembly bias manifest observationally for secondary properties? .......................... 36 6.3. Why do galaxy properties depend on environment?.................................................... 39 6.4. Galaxy Sizes ............................................................................................. 40 7. APPLICATIONS OF THE GALAXY{HALO CONNECTION ............................................... 41 7.1. Understanding the Physics of Galaxy Formation ....................................................... 41 7.2. Inferring Cosmological Parameters...................................................................... 42 7.3. Probing the Properties and Distribution of Dark Matter .............................................. 46 8. STATUS AND OUTLOOK .................................................................................. 48 1. INTRODUCTION In modern cosmological models, ∼ 5=6 of the mass in the Universe is made of dark matter (Planck Collaboration et al. 2016). This dark matter forms the skeleton on which galaxies form, evolve, and merge. In the context of this model, which is now well established from a wide range of observations, fluctuations in the matter distribution were created in the first fraction of a second during an inflationary period. Gravitational instability grew these fluctuations over time. Gas and dark matter were initially well mixed; as the universe evolved, gas was able to dissipate and fell to the centers of dark matter halos. For large 2 Wechsler & Tinker enough dark matter halos, gas was able to cool, form stars, and form a protogalaxy. The power spectrum of matter indicates that small objects should form first, and halos should grow and merge over time. Galaxies within these halos then continue to form stars (in situ) as well as to grow through merging (ex situ), because their dark matter halos merge. Energetic processes within galaxies impact their surroundings after they form, as various kinds of feedback, which influences future gas accretion and star formation. In this context, clearly the growth, internal properties, and spatial distribution of galax- ies are likely to be closely connected to the growth, internal properties, and spatial distri- bution of dark matter halos. Very simply, the luminous matter in the Universe is arranged in galaxies, and in a cold dark matter model, the dark matter in the Universe is arranged in dark matter halos. The physical and statistical connection between them is the focus of this review. We denote this the galaxy{halo connection, which in detail can refer to the full multivariate distribution of properties of halos and the galaxies that form within them. Elucidating this connection is a stepping stone to answering several of the largest questions in astrophysics and cosmology today. These include the following: • Understanding the physics of galaxy formation: How does gas cool in galaxies, how do stars form, and what determines the dominant feedback processes? How can we best infer physics from available observations including the spatial distribution of galaxies as a function of their properties? Statistical constraints on the galaxy{halo connection can effectively synthesize diverse datasets and provide essential input into these questions. • Inferring cosmological parameters: A new generation of deep, wide-area imaging and spectroscopic surveys has substantial constraining power on cosmological models, including the power to distinguish between a cosmological constant, dark energy, and modified gravity; to measure the mass of the neutrino; and to constrain the inflationary potential. To make full use of these measurements on the widest range of scales, we need to understand how to robustly marginalize over the uncertainties in the galaxy{halo connection. • Probing the properties and distribution of dark matter: How can we infer the evolution of the matter distribution and the properties of dark matter halos us- ing surveys of galaxies? Measurements of galaxies and of their spatial