Eco-Architecture II 15 The ecology of the mudhif G. Broadbent University of Portsmouth, UK Abstract If Eco Architecture is a matter of designing with nature then the Sumerian mudhif is a paradigmatic example. It was first built in the marshes of what is now southern Iraq, over 5000 years ago, and constructed entirely of reeds, to form huge parabolic arches over which reed mats were tied to form walls, curving over into roofs whilst the flat end walls had reed lattice panels for the admission of daylight and air. The mudhif was built and used, by the Marsh Arabs of the region, until 1993 when Saddam Hussein began to drain and dam the marshes, in an attempt to destroy the life and culture of those Arabs. But after his defeat in 2003, the Arabs dug up his dykes, canals and damns, re-flooded the marshes and began to resume their ancient way of life. Keywords: Sumerian, mudhif, reed construction, lattice panels, Marsh Arabs. 1 Development of the mudhif The most immediate ways of interacting with nature of course is to design for both climate and topography, using local resources to make ourselves comfortable by means of the building itself, with a minimum involvement of mechanical devices. The earliest known example of such construction still in use is the Sumerian, reed-built mudhif which is also one of the oldest known monumental building types. These mudhifs were built by the culture which not only developed the world’s first cities, with their great mud-brick ziggurats and temples; it also invented writing, for the keeping of temple records. And of course, for sustenance, the cities had to be surrounded by agricultural villages hence, in the marshes, buildings constucted entirely of reeds. Carved elevations of the latter have been found, on temple walls and a carved gypsum trough from ancient Uruk, dated to c 3,200 BC and now in the British Museum (WA 120000). This shows an elevation of a typical mudhif with WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 113, © 2008 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) doi:10.2495/ARC080021 16 Eco-Architecture II bundles of reeds bent into parabolic arches, aligned along an axis and thus, internally, receding majestically in perspective like the arches of some great Gothic cathedral. Not only were the arches of the mudhif made of reed bundles, their side walls also, curving over into their roofs and their flat facades were formed of reed mats and, in some situations the latter might be fronted by imposing reed-bundle columns. Between these there might be reed lattices with small vertical, square or diagonal openings to admit controlled daylight but, more particularly, air. The lower parts of the walls also might be so-latticed or at least the lower mats could be raised to admit through breezes. Which indeed could be rather strong! Figure 1: Sumerian mudhif façade, with uncut reed fronds and sheep entering, carved into a gypsum trough from Uruk, c 3,200 BC. (© British Museum WA 12000.) J. B. Fraser seems to have been the first westerner to describe the mudhif, in his Mesopotamia and Assyria of 1842 [1]. He writes of the Euphrates, flooding to a width of 60 miles near Lemlun and of people in canoes, or even on foot, following their floating villages in order to recover the materials [2]. He doesn’t think much of the “human animals” who lived in these “dens,” since they “bore…as much of the appearance of the dregs of the human species as can well be imagined” [3]. For them, inherently nomadic, “the prejudice against a fixed life is strong, only the lowest of the tribe will condescend to remain stationary; but change is in progress” [4]. The sheiks, however, had their own portions of land, regarding these as their chief means of subsistence, cultivated by peasants they obviously despised. And they built reed villages on the banks of the Euphrates, “superceding the black hair tents of the Bedouins.” Many of the houses were constructed “with great taste” [5]. The mode of building is simple enough: clusters of reeds from fifteen to twenty feet high are neatly bound with withes or bands…and planted in the WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 113, © 2008 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) Eco-Architecture II 17 ground…in two rows, like posts. The small ends are then bent till those of the opposite cluster in each row meet in the form of an arch, when they are fastened together by smaller bundles, laid longitudinally on the roof and tied to each post. This framework is covered, both sides and roof, with mats made of the split reeds, and ornamented with neat lattice-work, according to the fancy and skill of the architect [6]. Fraser found these more comfortable than the Arabian black tent, but still saw it as a strange piece of affectation to prefer such flimsy structures to the more solid houses, built of clay, which the village peasants occupied, merely because reed-building implied a lesser deviation from nomadic habits. He by no means describes the functions of these larger buildings but he is impressed by the hospitality. There was a hearth in the centre where the cawachee took his seat, having before him a large row of coffee-pots from which small cups were soon served; such a “dose” being repeated every ten minutes or so. It was good coffee too, flavoured with cardamom [7]. 2 20th century explorers Fraser could not have known the historic significance of the mudhif but later writers were rather more sympathetic. Gertrude Bell, an ardent Arabist, traveller, explorer, mountaineer, photographer, linguist, scholar, writer, spy, diplomat, and archaeologist – indeed it was she who founded the Iraq Museum – sent some of the first 20th Century descriptions in 1917 [8]. Mesopotamia was then quite new to her and she describes Sulat Sahib in a letter: “it was a delicious warm day and the river was delightful. I don't know why it should be as attractive as it is. The elements of the scene are extremely simple but the combination still makes a wonderfully attractive result. Yet there's really nothing – flat, far-stretching plain coming down to the river's edge, thorn covered, water-covered in the flood in the lower reaches, a little wheat and millet stubble in the base fields, an occasional village of reed-built houses.” In 1918, Bell sent her first photographs of mudhifs to England and in 1920; she described one in a letter to her father [9]. after dinner [Sheikh Ibadi al Husain] invited us to his mudhif, his guest house. Now a mudhif you can’t picture till you’ve seen it. It’s made of reeds, reed mats spread over reed bundles arching over and meeting at the top so that the whole is a huge, perfectly regular and exquisitely constructed yellow tunnel 50 yards long. In the middle is the coffee hearth, with great logs of willow burning. On either side of the hearth, against the reed walls of the mudhif, a row of brocade-covered cushions for us to sit on, the Arabs flanking us and the coffee-maker crouched over his pots. The whole lighted by the fire and a couple of small lamps, and the end of the mudhif fading away into a golden gloom. Glorious. But by that time Bell had other business in hand. Indeed, by 1919, she knew and understood Mesopotamia so well that she, along with T E Lawrence (of Arabia) became advisor to the British Government – in the person of Winston Churchill – as to how a newly established country, Iraq, should be set up within it. Mesopotamia had been part of the Ottoman Empire but since the latter’s WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 113, © 2008 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) 18 Eco-Architecture II demise in 1918, partly because of Arab revolts – encouraged by the British – but also because Turkey had been allied to Germany during World War I. Britain and France had agreed – secretly – to supervise the Empire’s dissolution and it was Bell indeed who at a Conference in Cairo (1921) actually mapped the boundaries of Iraq on a sheet of tracing paper [10]. She envisaged a Shi'ite minority in the south, a Sunni majority in the centre and a Kurdish minority to the north. By denying the Kurds a separate, autonomous state she intended that a balance of power be kept with the huge predominance of Sunni in Iraq as a whole and, indeed, to keep control of Iraq’s potential oilfields. Bell and Lawrence even persuaded the Cairo Conference to endorse Faisal bin Hussein (son of Hussein, Sheriff of Mecca) as the first King – Faisal – of Iraq. But it was Gavin Maxwell [11] who in 1957 (1969 in the UK) introduced the mudhif structures to a wider western readership. He’d been in the marshes with Wilfred Thesiger, but Thesiger went on to live with the Arabs for several months every year except one between 1951 and 1958 so it’s hardly surprising that his The Marsh Arabs of 1964 finally captured the public’s imagination [12]. His philosophy, I suppose, is a model for all green campaigners, eco-warriors, sustainable city designers etc. He says: “I loathed cars, aeroplanes, wireless and television, in fact most of our civilization’s manifestations in the past fifty years and was always happy, in Iraq or elsewhere, to share a smoke-filled hovel with a shepherd, his family and beasts” [13].