Evidence Report: Risk of Inadequate Human-System Integration Architecture Human Research Program Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Approved for Public Release: April 30, 2021 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas CURRENT CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Brian F. Gore, Ph.D. NASA Ames Research Center Alonso Vera, Ph.D. NASA Ames Research Center Jessica Marquez, Ph.D. NASA Ames Research Center Kritina Holden, Ph.D. Leidos @ NASA Johnson Space Center Ryan Amick, Ph.D. KBR @ NASA Johnson Space Center Donna Dempsey, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Brandin Munson, Ph.D. University of Houston @ NASA Johnson Space Center PREVIOUS CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Harsh W. Aggarwal, Ph.D. Leidos @ NASA Johnson Space Center* Immanuel Barshi, Ph.D. NASA Ames Research Center Maijinn Chen, M.S. KBR @ NASA Johnson Space Center* Jolene Feldman, M.S. San Jose State University Research Foundation @ NASA Ames Research Center James Garrett, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Maya Greene, Ph.D. KBR @ NASA Johnson Space Center* Anikό Sándor, Ph.D. KBR @ NASA Johnson Space Center* Sherry Thaxton, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Gordon Vos, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center * Left NASA, now at various different institutions and commercial organizations Acknowledgement The authors thank Kerry George (KBR/NASA Lyndon Johnson Space Center), for editing this report. ii Table of Contents I. PROGRAM REQUIREMENT DOCUMENTS (PRD) RISK TITLE: RISK OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES DUE TO INADEQUATE HUMAN-SYSTEM INTEGRATION ARCHITECTURE (HSIA) .............................................................. 1 A. RISK STATEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 B. CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 C. OPERATIONAL RELEVANCE ................................................................................................................................. 3 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 4 3 SOURCES OF EVIDENCE .......................................................................................................................... 5 4 LEVELS OF EVIDENCE .............................................................................................................................. 5 HSIA NEEDS ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 12 HSIA CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 12 HSIA, ANOMALY RESPONSE, ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS AND STRESSORS (C02) ........................................ 13 HSIA CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY ...................................................................................................................................... 13 HSIA AND LUNAR LANDER ........................................................................................................................................ 14 5 HSIA RECOMMENDED HUMAN FACTORS MEASURES AND METRICS...................................................... 14 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND VEHICLE HABITAT DESIGN FACTORS ................................................................................ 17 Anthropometric and Biomechanical Limitations ............................................................................................ 19 Visual environments ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Vibration and G-forces ................................................................................................................................... 19 Noise interference .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Seating, Restraints and Personal Equipment ................................................................................................. 20 Visibility/window design & placement ........................................................................................................... 20 Vehicle/habitat volume/layout ...................................................................................................................... 21 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) FACTORS ............................................................. 21 Informational Resources and Support ............................................................................................................ 23 Attention and Cognition ................................................................................................................................. 24 Motor Skills, Coordination and Timing ........................................................................................................... 26 Environmentally Induced Perceptual Changes ............................................................................................... 26 Design of Displays and Controls ..................................................................................................................... 27 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND HUMAN-AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS FACTORS ............................................................... 28 Human-Automation Integration (HAI) Design................................................................................................ 28 Human-Robotic Integration (HRI) Design ....................................................................................................... 30 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND INADEQUATE TRAINING FACTORS .................................................................................... 31 Introduction to Spaceflight Training .............................................................................................................. 31 Training Factors that Contribute to the Risk of Inadequate HSIA .................................................................. 36 Foundational Principles of Training ................................................................................................................ 36 Training Program Design ............................................................................................................................... 39 Performance Support ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Designing for Trainability ............................................................................................................................... 43 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND PROCEDURE AND TASK DESIGN FACTORS .......................................................................... 45 Task Design: Requirements, Policies, and Processes ...................................................................................... 46 Human Capabilities and Limitations .............................................................................................................. 48 Operational Tempo ........................................................................................................................................ 54 iii Procedural Guidance ...................................................................................................................................... 55 6 SPACEFLIGHT EVIDENCE ....................................................................................................................... 57 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND VEHICLE HABITAT DESIGN FACTOR .................................................................................. 57 Anthropometry and Biomechanical Limitations ............................................................................................. 57 Visual Environment ........................................................................................................................................ 62 Vibration and G-Forces ................................................................................................................................... 67 Noise Interference .......................................................................................................................................... 68 Restraints, and Personal Equipment .............................................................................................................. 71 Visibility/ Window Design & Placement ......................................................................................................... 73 Vehicle/Habitat Volume/ Layout .................................................................................................................... 75 RISK OF INADEQUATE HSIA AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) FACTORS ............................................................. 85 Attention and Cognition ................................................................................................................................. 86 Motor skills/Coordination and Timing 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