VU Research Portal Planting the seeds of change Lentjes, D.M. 2013 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Lentjes, D. M. (2013). Planting the seeds of change: A bioarchaeological approach to developments in landscape and land use in first millennium BC southeast Italy. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? 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Sep. 2021 Contents acknowledgements vii list of figures ix preface xiii 1. introduction 1 1.1 Archaeological research of landscape and land use in southeast Italy 1 1.2 Aims and research questions 3 1.3 Research method 5 1.4 Structure of the thesis 7 2. case study 1: l’ amastuola 9 2.1 Introduction: the site and its surroundings 9 2.2 History of research 10 2.3 The archaeological research 11 2.3.1 Diachronic overview 11 2.3.2 Specific contexts 12 2.4 The archaeobotanical research 15 2.4.1 Sampling methods and data 15 2.4.2 Charcoal 16 2.4.3 Seeds and fruits 18 2.5 The archaeobotanical research: interpretations 18 2.5.1 The use of wood 19 2.5.2 Food preparation and diet 20 2.5.3 Grape and olive cultivation 23 2.5.4 The use of plants in ritual activities 24 2.6 Summary and conclusion 25 Tables Chapter 2 27 Figures Chapter 2 31 3. case study 2: muro tenente 55 3.1 Introduction: the site and its surroundings 55 3.2 History of research 55 3.3 The archaeological research 56 3.3.1 Diachronic overview 56 3.3.2 Specific contexts 57 3.4 The archaeobotanical research 60 3.4.1 Sampling methods and data 60 3.4.2 Charcoal 60 3.4.3 Seeds and fruits 61 3.5 The archaeobotanical research: interpretations 61 3.5.1 The use of wood 61 3.5.2 Food preparation and diet 63 3.5.3 Grape and olive cultivation 64 3.5.4 The use of plants in ritual activities 66 3.6 Summary and conclusion 67 Tables Chapter 3 69 Figures Chapter 3 72 4. meso level: landscape and land use around l ’ amastuola and muro tenente 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 L’Amastuola 89 4.2.1 The landscape 89 BOX 1: Mediterranean plant communities 93 4.2.2 Land use 94 BOX 2: The storage capacity of the grain silos at l’Amastuola 98 4.3 Muro Tenente 103 4.3.1 The landscape 103 4.3.2 Land use 105 BOX 3: Confronting the grape measurements from Muro Tenente (unit 89) with the statistical analysis program SPSS 108 4.4 Conclusion: Landscape and land use at l’Amastuola and Muro Tenente compared 109 Tables Chapter 4 111 5. macro level: part one 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 A short introduction to archaeobotanical research in southeast Italy, and the archaeological sites 117 5.3 Research aspects 121 5.3.1 The use of wood 121 5.3.2 Food preparation and diet 123 5.3.3 Grape and olive cultivation 135 5.3.4 The use of plants in ritual activities 151 Tables Chapter 5 164 6. macro level: part two 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 The Final Bronze Age (ca. 1200-1000 BC) 188 6.3 The Early Iron Age (ca. 1000-600 BC) 191 6.4 The Archaic/Classical periods (ca. 600-325 BC) 197 6.5 The Early Hellenistic Period (ca. 325-200 BC) 208 6.6 Epilogue: southeast Italy in the Late Hellenistic/ Early Roman period (200-30 BC) Nothing but sheep and olive trees? 215 Table Chapter 6 218 7. conclusions 219 7.1 Introduction, restatement of research aims and –method 219 7.2 Long-term developments in landscape and land use 219 7.3 Long-term developments in the scale and organization of agricultural production: expansion, rationalization, specialization 221 7.4 The effect of Greek colonization 224 7.5 Future research 225 7.6 Recommendations 226 references 229 nederlandse samenvatting 249 appendix 1 archaeobotanical sample processing 253 A 1.1 Methodology: general introduction 253 A 1.2 Archaeobotanical sampling at l’Amastuola, Muro Tenente and Li Castelli 254 appendix 2 archaeobotanical analyses from l’ amastuola, complete results 255 A 2.1 Results: seeds and fruits 255 A 2.2 Results: charcoal 258 appendix 3 archaeobotanical analyses from muro tenente, complete results 265 A 3.1 Results: seeds and fruits 265 A 3.2 Results: charcoal 268 appendix 4 archaeobotanical analyses from li castelli di san pancrazio salentino, complete results 271 A 4.1 Introduction to the site 271 A 4.2 Results: seeds and fruits 273 A 4.3 Results: charcoal 274 appendix 5 grape measurements muro tenente and l’ amastuola 277 A 5.1 Morphometric analysis methods to distinguish between cultivated and wild grapes (Vitis vinifera var. vinifera vs. Vitis vinifera var. sylvestris). 277 A 5.2 Results: Muro Tenente 278 A 5.3 Results: l’Amastuola 281 appendix 6 ancient written text fragments 283 List of figures preface The research area of this study. Map by Bert Brouwenstijn. chapter 2 2.1 Aerial view of the l’Amastuola hilltop. Photo: Società Kikau. 2.2a L’Amastuola, south terrace: location of the excavation trenches. Map by Jaap Fokkema. 2.2b L’Amastuola, south terrace: location of the excavation trenches. Map by Bert Brouwenstijn. 2.3 L’Amastuola, trench 6: digital reconstruction of the cultic structure by Bert Brouwenstijn. 2.4 L’Amastuola, trench 4: burnt loam showing wood impressions. Burgers and Crielaard 2007, 89 (Fig. 16). 2.5a L’Amastuola, trench 1: location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.5b L’Amastuola, trench 1: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.6a L’Amastuola, trench 2: location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.6b L’Amastuola, trench 2: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.7a L’Amastuola, trench 3: location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.7b L’Amastuola, trench 3: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.8a L’Amastuola, trench 4: location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.8b L’Amastuola, trench 4: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.9a L’Amastuola, trench 5: location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.9b L’Amastuola, trench 5: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.10a L’Amastuola, trench 6. location of the archaeological finds. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.10b L’Amastuola, trench 6: location of the archaeobotanical samples. Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.11 L’Amastuola, trench 6: black semicircular area (units 501 and 510). Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 69 (Fig. 3-32). 2.12 L’Amastuola, trench 5: possible silos for grain storage. Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 65 (Fig. 3-28). 2.13 L’Amastuola, results of the charcoal analysis: frequency of wood taxa (i.e. the number of stratigraphical units in which it was found). 2.14 L’Amastuola, results of the charcoal analysis: total number of fragments of wood taxa. 2.15 L’Amastuola, results of the analysis of seeds and fruits: frequencies. 2.16 L’Amastuola, results of the analysis of seeds and fruits: total number of fragments. 2.17 L’Amastuola, results of the charcoal analysis: wood taxa from hearths and fireplaces (fuel?) 2.18 L’Amastuola, south terrace: location of the samples from hearths and fireplaces (units 265, 274, 112, 148, 166, 170, 32, 33, 332, 335, 346, 373, 537, 542). Drawing by Jaap Fokkema. 2.19 L’Amastuola, trench 6: bronze fish hook. Photo by Jan Paul Crielaard. 2.20 L’Amastuola, trench 4: stone mortar from building δ. Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 150 (Fig. 8-14). 2.21 L’Amastuola, trench 2: terracotta mortar from the colluvium layer. Burgers and Crielaard 2007, 102 (Fig. 39e). 2.22 L’Amastuola, all trenches: grinding stones. Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 151-152 (Figs. 8-15 and 8.16). 2.23 Decorations on Daunian stelai showing cereal parching with mortars and pestles. Nava 1980, fig. CCLVII (775B) and CCCLXXXI (1157AB). Cf. Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 153 (Fig. 8-17b). 2.24a L’Amastuola, south of the hill: stone mortar. Photo by Jan Paul Crielaard (cf. Burgers and Crielaard 2011, 153 (Fig. 8-17a). ix 2.24b San Pancrazio Salentino, Apulia: stone mortar of unknown origin. 2.25 L’Amastuola, trench 6: cooking pot with rounded base and relatively narrow neck. Burgers and Crielaard 2007, 102 (Fig. 39a). 2.26 L’Amastuola, trench 3, unit 107: storage jar. Photo by Jan Paul Crielaard. 2.27 L’Amastuola, trench 6: fragmented olive stones from cooking pot. 2.28a L’Amastuola, trench 6: carbonized garlic cloves (Allium sativum).