Sinaloa during the Restored Republic, 1867-1877 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Rodriguez Benitez, Rigoberto Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 20:38:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290323 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 SINALOA DURING THE RESTORED REPUBLIC, 1867-1877 by Rigoberto Rodriguez Bemtez Copyright © Rigoberto Rodriguez Bemtez 2001 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2001 UMI Number: 3016506 Copyright 2001 by Rodriguez Benitez, Rigoberto All rights reserved. UMI ® UMI Microform 3016506 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Riqoberto Rodriguez Benitez entitled c;inaloa Durincr the Restored Republic, 1867-1877 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the ^gree of Doctor of Philosophy Date /I. • ( : Gosner Date y2~ 2^d /f Lckman Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recoi^i^nd that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. / / . /-/i? - S-oo/ Dissertation J. Martoji! Date STATEMENT BY THE AUTOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial Mfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank various institutions, professors, fellow students and individuals whose financial, academic and moral support was instrumental in bringing to fruition my doctoral training. First of all, I want to thank the Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, particularly its Facultad de Ciencias Qumiico-Biologicas, and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, in Mexico, for their financial support from the beginning to the end of my studies. I also offer my gratitude to Adela Allen and Geraldine Olds of the Graduate College at the University of Arizona. From Adela, I received not only financial support when I needed it the most but also counseling to maintain a steady pace in times of real or imagined hardship. I am gratefiil for the patience of Helen Nader and Richard Cosgrove for enduring my presentation during the defense in addition to all of their support. They helped to make my stay at the University of Arizona a comfortable and memorable one. At Helen's home, Dolores and I enjoyed several social gatherings with faculty members, students and their families. Oscar Martinez, my mentor and dissertation director, deserves my gratitude for having graciously shared with me his vast experience in teaching, researching, and writing history. As his student and teaching assistant, I benefited from his profound knowledge of Mexican history and the history of Mexico-United States borderlands. While he counseled me about the best way to organize and commimicate my findings, he opened up a space to comment on borderlands issues, demonstrating equal concern with scholarly explanations as well as humanitarian solutions to social problems. I thank Oscar for having doubled as editor and for his tested patience; without his help I would have not successfully concluded this program. I would also like to thank Kevin Gosner and Bert Barickman for their valuable suggestions and pertinent requests, which greatly improved the final product. Both Kevin and Bert were instrumental in the evolution of this dissertation from a very rough draft to an improved text. Their suggestions on methodological matters were additional valuable lessons in my training as a scholar of history. As well, I am gratefiil to Kevin for having offered me a position as a teacliing assistant early during my program. Moreover, whereas Kevin helped me better understand the intricacies of colonial Latin America, Bert opened my eyes to the fabulous Brazilian world and its language. I also appreciate the teachings and friendship of Donna Guy, Michael Meyer, Juan Garcia, Michael Schaller, Katherine Morrissey, David Ortiz, Doug Weiner and Bill Beezley. I also thank Carmen Castaneda, Alvaro Lopez and Leonel Rodriguez, in Mexico. Many fellow graduate students contributed in numerous ways to polishing the content and English of this dissertation. I offer special thanks to Dave Sokolove, Dawn Hunziker, Gwen Alexander, Tim Boyle, Drew Sherman, Mike Rembis, Mark Miller, Laura Shelton and Robert Emanuel. Thanks to all of you for having shared your expertise in English and American culture with me. 5 DEDICATION To my wife, Dolores, for her unconditional and constant support. Without the flame of our love this project could not have been accomplished. To my children Rigoberto, Brenda, Erwin, and Gabriela for having encouraged me to push to the end and for the sacrifices they have endured. To my parents, Reina and Rigoberto, for their love and for having started me on the path of reading, questioning, and caring for others. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 8 LIST OF TABLES 9 ABSTRACT 10 INTRODUCTION 13 CHAPTER 1. STATE FORMATION: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVISM 44 Building State Norms 45 Constitutions .46 Statutory laws 54 Lawyers, Actuaries and Notaries 59 Governmental Activism 64 Summary 77 CHAPTER 2. STATE FORMATION: ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE FORMATION OF THE CITIZENRY 80 Economic Legislation 81 Instilling Patriotism in the Citizenry 104 Summary 110 CHAPTER 3. THE RESISTANCE: REBELLIONS AND ELECTORAL STRUGGLE 112 Armed Conflicts 115 The Electoral Struggle 133 Summary 137 CHAPTER 4. THE RESISTANCE: BELLIGERENT MERCHANTS AND FEDERAL INTERVENTIONISM 140 The Rebellious Merchants 142 The Struggle for a Democratic Federalism 154 Summary 163 CHAPTER 5. THE ECONOMY: FROM PROSTRATION TO RECOVERY 166 Mining 171 Industry 176 Agriculture and Cattle-raising 182 Commerce and Transport 188 Summary 199 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER 6. THE ECONOMY: TRANSACTIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS BEFORE FORMAL BANKING OPERATIONS 203 Sales 204 Loans 210 Partnerships 225 Summary 227 CHAPTER 7. SOCIETY AND CULTURE: OCCUPATION, ENTERTAINMENT AND IDENTITY 231 Population 233 Occupation and entertainment 238 Nationalism and Regionalism 249 Summary 262 CHAPTER 8. CULTURE AND SOCIETY: THE SPREAD OF A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE 264 The Educational System 268 Rhetoric and Poetry 279 Summary 289 CHAPTER 9. THE AMERICAN PRESENCE 291 The Economic Presence 293 Americans Conducting Business in Sinaloa 303 Political and Cultural Impact 309 The Decline of Mazatl^ 316 Summary 319 CONCLUSION: BETWEEN REVOLUTION AND DICTATORSHIP 321 REFERENCES 336 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. MAP. DISTRICTS OF SINALOA, MEXICO,1867 9 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. SINALOA, 1867-1877. CONSTITUTIONAL, MILITARY AND REBEL GOVERNORS 12 TABLE 5.1. VALUE OF COINAGE MINTED IN CULIACAN, 1867-1877, IN PESOS, ACCORDING TO EUSTAQUIO BUELNA 172 TABLE 5.2 VALUE OF COINAGE MINTED IN CULIACAN, 1867-1875, IN PESOS, ACCORDING TO FRANCISCO R. CALDERON 173 TABLE 6.1. SINALOA, 1867-1877. TYPE OF PROPERTY SOLD BY PERCENTAGE 206 TABLE 6.2. SINALOA, 1867-1877. SALE OF URBAN REAL ESTATE, BY PERCENTAGE 208 TABLE 6.3. SINALOA, 1867-1877. REVERSION SALES BY TYPE OF PROPERTY, BY PERCENTAGE 213 TABLE 6.4. SINALOA, 1867-1877. REVERION SALES BY AMOUNT OF SALE, BY PERCENTAGE 214 TABLE 6.5. SINALOA, 1867-1877. TYPES OF PROPERTY MORTGAGED, BY PERCENTAGE 217 TABLE 6.6. SINALOA, 1867-1877. AMOUNT OF MORTGAGE BY PERCENTAGE 218 TABLE 7.1. SINALOA, 1867-1876. POPULATION FOR THE YEARS 1872, 1873 AND 1876 234 TABLE 7.2. SINALOA 1867-1877. OCCUPATIONS IN SMALL MINING AND AGRICULTURAL TOWNS 240 TABLE 7.3. SINALOA, 1867-1877. LITERACY AMONG INDFVIDUALS ABOVE 10 YEARS OLD IN SMALL MINING AND AGRICULTURAL TOWNS 241 TABLE 8.1.