: Sudan and South Sudan—2011-2012 Disclaimer Contact the Geospatial Technologies Project geotech © Copyright 2015 Geospatial Technologies Project Program Associate Acknowledgement Acronym(List( ( SPLM% % Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Movement%% % SPLM6N% Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Movement6North%% % SPLA%% % Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Army% % SPLA6N%% Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Army6North% % JEM% % Justice%and%Equality%Movement% % SAF% % Sudanese%Armed%Forces% % PDF% % Popular%Defense%Force% % NISS% % National%Intelligence%and%Security%Services% JIU% % Joint%Integrated%Units% % AAA% % Abyei%Administrative%Area% % CPA% % Comprehensive%Peace%Agreement% % UNHCR% United%Nations%High%Commission%for%Refugees% % HHI% % Harvard%Humanitarian%Initiative Introduction( % On%9%January%2005,%the%Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Movement%(SPLM)%and%the%Government%of% Sudan%signed%a%series%of%agreements%known%as%both%the%Comprehensive%Peace%Agreement% (CPA)%and%the%Naivasha%Agreement,%the%aim%of%which%was%to%bring%an%end%to%the%second% Sudanese%civil%war.%%Among%other%features,%the%CPA%stipulated%that%South%Sudan%would%hold%a% referendum%between%9%and%15%January%2011%to%decide%the%matter%of%independence.%A% referendum%on%the%status%of%the%disputed%oil%rich%Abyei%Region%was%initially%scheduled%for%the% same%time.1% % The%referendum%resulted%in%South%Sudan%voting%to%form%an%independent%state.%Immediately% following%the%referendum,%violence%erupted%in%several%locations%throughout%Sudan%and%South% Sudan.%Fighting%occurred%in%the%Abyei%Administrative%Area%(AAA),%the%Nuba%Mountain%Region,% Darfur,%Blue%Nile,%and%the%Heglig%region.%These%conflicts%involved%multiple%parties,%including% governments%and%non6state%actors.%This%study,%however,%will%focus%exclusively%on%the%conflicts%in% Abyei%and%Heglig,%as%these%are%the%only%areas%where%control%of%territory%was%disputed%between% Sudan%and%South%Sudan.%% ( Conflict)in)Abyei) ( The%2005%CPA%accorded%the%AAA%a%special%status,%which%granted%administrative%control%to%a% locally%elected%Executive%Council.%Residents%were%given%citizenship%in%both%the%Sudanese%state%of% Western%Kordofan%and%the%South%Sudanese%state%of%Bahr%el%Ghazal.%The%residents%would%then%be% afforded%the%opportunity%to%vote%on%whether%to%retain%the%AAA’s%special%administrative%status%in% the%North,%to%become%part%of%Bahr%el%Ghazal%in%South%Sudan,%or%to%recognize%the%1%January%1956% border%that%would%place%most%of%the%area%in%Sudan.2% % In%the%months%leading%up%to%the%Abyei%referendum,%however,%officials%from%the%north%and%south% were%unable%to%reach%an%agreement%on%whether%the%Misseriya%would%be%allowed%to%participate.3% The%Misseriya%are%a%group%of%Arab%semi6nomadic%pastoralists%who%traditionally%migrate%south% through%Abyei%each%year%between%September%and%January%and%return%to%their%wet%season% grazing%grounds%north%of%Abyei%in%May.4%In%recent%years,%these%migrations%have%led%to%attacks%on% the%Dinka%Ngok%ethnic%group%that%resides%in%the%AAA%year%round.%According%to%the%United% Nations%High%Commissioner%for%Refugees%(UNHCR),%these%attacks%are%“often%at%the%instigation%of% political%leaders%in%Khartoum”%and%the%Misseriya%“shoot%the%men%and%enslave%the%women%and% children.”%5% !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1%Reuters.%“Sudan%Abyei%vote%deadline%“impossible”%–%north.”%14%October%2010.%http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/14/oukwd6uk6sudan6 south6idAFTRE69D53J20101014%accessed%on%27%February%2015.% 2%United%Nations%Mission%in%Sudan.%Abyei)protocol:)Fact)sheet,)(2009;)http://unmis.unmissions.org/Portals/UNMIS/Fact%20Sheets/FS6 abyeiprotocol.pdf)% 3%Carnegie%Endowment%for%International%Peace.%“The%Comprehensive%Peace%Agreement.”%4%January%2011.% http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/01/04/comprehensive6peace6agreement/2frz%accessed%on%27%February%2015.% 4%Harvard%Humanitarian%Initiative:%The%Signal%Program%on%Human%Security%and%Technology.%Sudan)Anatomy)of)a)Conflict%(2013;% http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Conflict_Signal.pdf).% 5%UNHCR:%Refworld.%“World%Directory%of%minorities%and%indigenous%peoples%–%Sudan:%Dinka.”%July%2008.%% http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca551.html%accessed%on%27%February%2015.% ! 1% As%early%as%mid62010,%reports%indicated%that%both%northern%and%southern6aligned%forces%were% mobilizing%in%and%around%the%Abyei%region.6%These%mobilizations%were%in%direct%violation%of%the% CPA%and%included%reports%that%the%Sudanese%Armed%Forces%(SAF)%had%opened%multiple%Popular% Defense%Force%(PDF)%Misseriya%militia%training%camps%near%the%towns%of%Muglad,%Meiram,% Debab,%and%Sitaib%northeast%of%Abyei.7%Coinciding%with%these%military%preparations,%incidents%of% violence%were%reported%in%Abyei.%At%the%same%time,%it%was%reported%that%the%Sudan%People’s% Liberation%Army%(SPLA)%was%moving%troops%and%materiel%into%Abyei%and%arming%the%local% population.8% % Two%days%before%the%southern%Sudan%referendum,%Misseriya%militias%reportedly%attacked%police% forces%stationed%at%Maker%Abior%in%the%AAA.%Attacks%were%also%reported%near%Miakok,%Todach,% and%Shegei.9%In%response%to%these%attacks,%two%meetings%in%Kadugli%were%scheduled.%As%a%result% of%these%conferences,%the%SAF%agreed%to%open%the%main%road%leading%to%Abyei%town.%In%addition,% two%Joint%Integrated%Units%(JIU)%battalions,%one%comprised%of%SAF%forces%and%one%comprised%of% SPLA%forces,%would%replace%the%police%in%Abyei%town%who%had%been%sent%from%the%South%Sudan% capitol%of%Juba.%Finally,%various%Misseriya%grazing%routes%were%agreed%upon.%% % The%security%conditions%continued%to%deteriorate,%however,%as%convoys%of%South%Sudanese%were% reportedly%attacked%by%Misseriya%forces%as%they%travelled%to%South%Sudan%for%the%referendum.% Further%violence%occurred%on%27%February%2011%in%Todach,%northeast%of%Abyei%town.%Subsequent% attacks%occurred%on%4%March%in%Tajalei,%on%9%March%in%Maker%Abior,%and%on%21%March%in%Dungop.% Though%there%are%conflicting%reports,%the%pattern%of%these%attacks%–primarily%on%Dinka%towns% and%SPLA%aligned%garrisons–%“Indicate%coordinated%action%by%Misseriya,%PDF%and%SAF%elements% to%achieve%multiple%objectives%in%the%Abyei%Area%before%the%May%2011%invasion%of%Abyei%town.”% 10% % The%invasion%of%Abyei%by%SAF%forces%followed%contested%reports%claiming%that%a%United%Nations% (UN)%escorted%SAF%JIU%convoy%was%attacked%by%SPLA%forces%in%Dokura%on%19%May%2011.%%On%20% May%2011,%the%nearby%towns%of%Todach%and%Tajalei%came%under%artillery%fire%from%SAF%forces.%In% addition,%SAF%forces%also%closed%roads%in%and%out%of%Abyei.%On%21%May%2011,%SAF%forces%moved% into%Abyei.%On%the%same%day,%President%Omar%Al%Bashir%dissolved%the%Abyei%Administration,%and% on%30%May%Brigadier%Izz%Al%Din%Ousman%was%appointed%as%temporary%Military%Governor.% % % ) ) ) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6%Small%arms%Survey.%Sudan)human)security)baseline)assessment%(2%June%2011;%http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts6 figures/abyei/HSBA6Armed6Groups6Militarization6Abyei.pdf)% 7%Harvard%Humanitarian%Initiative:%The%Signal%Program%on%Human%Security%and%Technology.%Sudan)Anatomy)of)a)Conflict%(2013;% http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Conflict_Signal.pdf).% 8%Enough.%“As%politicians%talk,%movements%on%the%ground%in%Abyei.”%22%November%2010.%http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/politicians6talk6 movements6ground6abyei%accessed%on%27%February%2015.% 9%Harvard%Humanitarian%Initiative:%The%Signal%Program%on%Human%Security%and%Technology.%Sudan)Anatomy)of)a)Conflict%(2013;% http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Conflict_Signal.pdf).% 10%Harvard%Humanitarian%Initiative:%The%Signal%Program%on%Human%Security%and%Technology.%Sudan)Anatomy)of)a)Conflict%(2013;% http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Conflict_Signal.pdf).% ! 2% Conflict)in)Heglig) % % The%oil%rich%Heglig%region%lies%east%of%Abyei%near%the%border%between%Sudan%and%South%Sudan.% Sudan%claims%the%territory%based%on%its%demarcation%of%the%1956%border%and%has%maintained%a% military%presence%in%the%area%since%the%1970s.%The%government%of%South%Sudan%disputes%this% demarcation%and%Heglig’s%final%status%remains%contested%today.11% % Following%South%Sudan’s%vote%for%independence%in%2011,%Sudan%and%South%Sudan%were%unable% to%reach%an%agreement%on%transit%fees%for%oil.%%South%Sudan%contains%the%majority%of%the%oil% fields,%making%the%government%of%Sudan%partially%dependent%on%these%transit%fees%for%funding.% As%part%of%this%dispute,%South%Sudan%ordered%a%halt%to%oil%production%on%20%January%2012.12%On% 22%February%2012,%South%Sudan%expelled%the%president%of%the%Chinese6Malaysian%consortium,% PETRODAR,%for%not%cooperating%with%South%Sudan%in%the%dispute.13% % On%21%March%2012,%General%Mohamed%Atta,%director%of%Sudan’s%National%Intelligence%and% Security%Services%(NISS)%claimed%that%a%force%of%Sudan%People’s%Liberation%Army%6%North%(SPLA6N)% and%Justice%and%Equality%Movement%(JEM)%troops%attacked%the%town%of%Heglig.14%On%26%March,% clashes%occurred%between%SAF%and%SPLA%forces%near%the%border%at%Teshwin.15%Fighting% continued%with%confirmed%reports%of%SAF%aircraft%bombing%SPLA%positions%near%the%border.16%On% 9%April%2012,%SPLA%forces%attacked%Heglig%again%and%General%James%Gatduel%Gatluak%of%the% SPLA’s%4th%Division%claimed%to%have%advanced%30km%north%of%the%town.17%By%20%April%2012,%SPLA% forces%had%pulled%back%from%Heglig,%though%clashes%continued%until%29%April%2012.18% % Data(and(Methods(