History for the IB Diploma PAPER 3 Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890) SECOND EDITION Mike Wells Series editor: Allan Todd 1 Introduction 5 2 The unification of Ital� 1815-48 18 2.1 What was Italy like before 1815? 21 2.2 What im1�act did the French Revolution and Napoleon have on Italy? 26 2.3 What was the imeact of the Congress System. on Italy? 30 2.4 Why was there unrest in Italy between 1815 and 1848? 33 2.5 How strong was nationalism in Italy by 1848? 38 2.6 Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail and how imeortant were they? 41 3 The Risorgimento and the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy 1849-61 54 3.1 What were the immediate consequences of the 1848-49 Revolutions? 57 3.2 How did Cavour move Italy towards unification? 59 3.3 What was the role of foreign influences in bringing about Italian unification? 68 3.4 What was the importance of Garibaldi in moving Italy towards greater unification? 82 4 Italy, 1861-71 95 4.1 What were the problems facing Italy in the 1860s? 98 4.2 State building in the 1860s: a new Italy or an expanded Piedmont? 104 4.3 How united was the new Italian state? 115 5 Germany 1815-49 127 5.1 What was Germany like before 1815? 130 5.2 What was the irn.pact of the Congress System on Germany? 1.39 5.3 How strong was nationalism in the Vormarz period in Germany? 145 5.4 What was the significance of the ZolJverein? 151. 3 Italy (1815-1871) and Germany (1815-1890) 5.5 What accounts for the rise of Prussian economic and military power? 153 5.6 Why did revolution break out in the German confederation in 1848? 156 6 Germany and unification, 1849-71 166 6.1 What were the consequences of the 1848 Revolutions in Germany? 169 6.2 How strong were Austria and Prussia after 1848? 172 6.3 How did Bismarck rise to power? 174 6.4 What led to the creation of the North German Confederation? 184 6.5 Why was there war between Prussia and France in 1870-71? 194 6.6 What was the nature of the German empire of 1871? 205 6.7 'How did Bismarck do it?' 206 7 Germany under Bismarck: domestic policies 1871-90 213 7.1 How liberal was the Germ.an empire under Bisrn.arck? 216 7 .2 What were the challenges to Bismarck's Germany and how serious were they? 220 7.3 What was the situation by 1890? 236 8 Analysis: an overview of Italian and German unification 243 8.1 What were the similarities and differences between Italian and German unification? 245 8.2 What were the roles of individuals and nationalism? 253 8.3 How far did the experience of unification lead to fascism and Nazism in the following century? 259 9 Exam practice 266 Further reading 282 Index 285 Acknowledgements 292 4 Introduction 1 This resource is designed to prepare students for the Paper 3, Topic 11, Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890) (in HL Option 4, History of Europe) in the IB History examination. It will provide an introduction to 19th-century Italy, describing the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte and the rise of nationalism, the attempts to free Italy from foreign control between 1815 and 1848, and the causes, course and consequences of the 1848 Revolutions in Italy. You will consider the rise of Piedmont in the 1850s and Cavour’s leadership, as well as the alliance with France and the war with Austria in 1859 that led to an enlarged Piedmont in 1860. You will learn about the dramatic events of 1860 that resulted in Naples, Sicily and central Italy (excluding Rome) becoming part of a new Italian kingdom, the extension of unification by 1871, and the progress and problems of the new Italian state by 1890. Following an introduction to Germany in the 19th century, the book explores the impact of Napoleon I on Germany, the unrest in Germany under Austrian domination and the rise of Prussia, and the economic unity in Germany after 1818. You will consider the causes, course and consequences of the 1848 Revolutions in Germany, along with the role of Bismarck in bringing about unification between 1852 and 1871. Finally, the book describes the progress and problems of the new German empire and explores whether it was a true federal and parliamentary state, with comparisons drawn between Italy and Germany. ACTIVITY Research what is meant by the term ‘nationalism’. Try to establish the reasons for the development of the desire for national unity in the 19th century. Themes To help you prepare for your IB History exams, this resource will cover the main themes and aspects relating to Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815– 1890) as set out in the IB History Guide. In particular, it will deal with Italy and Germany in terms of these major areas: • unrest in Italy from 1815 to 1848 – the historical background to the unrest and Napoleon’s legacy; including the settlement of 1815 and the impact of the Congress of Vienna; Austrian dominance and the role of Metternich; the revolts that took place before 1848; and the causes, course and reasons for failure of the revolutions of 1848–49 • the Risorgimento, including the changing role of Piedmont, Cavour’s diplomacy, Mazzini, Garibaldi and the events of 1859–61 and the role of foreign influence • Italy between 1861 and 1890, including the problems of the 1860s, the extension of the Italian kingdom and Italy’s development by 1890 • Germany between 1815 and 1862, with consideration of Germany before 1815, the Vienna Settlement, forces for change and reaction in the Bund, the Zollverein and the growth of nationalism • the causes, events and outcome of the 1848 Revolutions and the political and economic rise of Prussia and the decline of Austria • Germany and unification between 1862 and 1871, including the rise of Bismarck and events to 1866, the role of Denmark and Austria, the North German Confederation, the war with France and the forging of the German empire Germany under Bismarck, including domestic policy between 1871 and 1890, the Kulturkampf and the anti-socialist campaign, how liberal the German • empire was, political change, the problems of foreign policy, Bismarck and colonial policy, and Bismarck’s fall and the situation by 1890. Key Concepts Each chapter will help you focus on the main issues, and to compare and contrast the main developments that took place in the history of Italy and Germany from 1815 to 1890. In addition, at various points in the chapters, there will be questions and activities which will help you focus on the six Key Concepts. These are: • change • continuity • causation • consequence • significance • perspectives. Theory of Knowledge In addition to the broad key themes, the chapters contain Theory of Knowledge (ToK) links to get you thinking about aspects that relate to history, which is a Group 3 subject in the IB Diploma. The Italy and Germany topic has several clear links to ideas about knowledge and history. The subject is highly political, as it concerns aspects of ideology. The term ‘ideology’ means a logically connected set of ideas that forms the basis of a political belief system or a political theory. As far as this resource is concerned, the main relevant ideology is that of nationalism. At times, the deeply political nature of this topic has affected the historians writing about these states, the leaders involved, and the policies and actions taken. Questions relating to the selection of sources, and the way historians interpret these sources, have clear links to the IB Theory of Knowledge course. For example, when trying to explain aspects of particular policies, political leaders’ motives, and their success or failure, historians must decide which evidence to select and use to make their case and which evidence to leave out. You will need to reflect on the extent to which historians’ personal political views influence them, both when selecting what they consider to be the most relevant sources and when making judgements about the value and limitations of specific sources or sets of sources. You will need to consider: Is there such a thing as objective ‘historical truth’? Or is there just a range of subjective historical opinions and interpretations about the past, which vary according to the political interests of individual historians? The assumptions made by earlier historians and writers about nationalism in Europe after 1815 have been challenged by recent research. There is also a great deal of historical controversy – for example, about the role of Bismarck in relation to other factors, such as economic growth and whether he was in control of events or merely an improviser in the face of change. You will discover there is a range of different interpretations and several historical debates surrounding Bismarck’s policies and actions. (For more on the historical debate surrounding Bismarck, see 6.7, ‘How did Bismarck do it?’ and Chapter 7.) You are therefore strongly advised to read a range of publications giving different interpretations of the theory and practice, and the various economic, political and social policies covered by this resource, in order to gain a clear understanding of the relevant historiographies (see Further reading). IB History and Paper 3 questions Paper 3 In IB History, Paper 3 is taken only by Higher level students. For this paper, IB History specifies that three sections of an Option should be selected for in- depth study.