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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the WorldlsUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106*1346 USA Order Number 8813248 Javanese voters: A case study of election under a hegemonic party system Gaffar, Afan, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1088 UMI 300N.ZcebR<L Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed In the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_____ 2. Colored Illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. 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Other _______________________________________________________________________ UMI JAVANESE VOTERS: A CASE STUDY OF ELECTION UNDER A HEGEMONIC PARTY SYSTEM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Afan Gaffar, B.A., Drs., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R. William Liddle Goldie Shabad Richard Gunther Adviser Donald G. McCloud Department of Political Science ACKNOWLEDGMENT Various institutions and individuals helped me in completing this study. It is with my great pleasure to acknowledge their generous support. First of all, I should express my gratitude to Professor R. William Liddle who helped me in many ways both as a teacher and as an adviser. His teachings has shaped my understanding of the politics of the Third World in general and Indonesian politics in particular. His willingness to exchange ideas on the contemporary Indonesian politics from various perspectives has widen my horizon and made my academic endeavour at Ohio State more meaningful and rewarding. I benefitted the advise of my reading committee in developing and improving of the arguments throughout this study. Professor R. William Liddle helped me to grasp the competing models of understanding of Indonesian and encouraged me to make my own decision on the proper way of comprehending the political behavior in Indonesia. Professor Goldie Shabad also helped me in her own capacity both as teacher and adviser since the beginning of my study at the Ohio State, especially when Professor Liddle was away from ii Columbus. I am very grateful to her generous support. 1 am also indebted to Professor Richard Gunther who made critical comments on the draft of this dissertation. Professor Donald G. McCloud is also very genereous of providing his time to correct my ideas as well my "Indonesian" English. I am very grateful for his support. I am also indebted to the MUCIA-Indonesia World Bank IX and World Bank XVII projects, the Ford Foundation, the MUCIA office of the Ohio state University, and the Department of Political Science, at Ohio State University. These institutions provided fundings for my study as well as my research. While doing field research in Indonesia, I benefitted the assistance of several individuals. I must thank the team of Gadjah Mada University students who shared, for only a limited monetary compensation, all the experiences from collection to tabulation of the data. Bambang Purwoko and his team proved to be a very capable assistants delivered high quality interviews and teamwork. I am thankful to them. I am also thankful to local officials, head of the Sub- Distric fcamat), the three Lurah (Village Head) and their staffs (Pamongl as well as numerous village leaders and common people for their valuable contribution. I can not, regretfully, mention the name of those officials to protect identity. iii i I an deeply Indebted to Drs. Josef Riwukaho, MPA., Dean of the Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University for giving ne the opportunity to take a study leave. My colleagues at the Department of Government gave me the necessary support and encouragement. Mr. Mariun and Drs. Josef Riwukaho, MPA., are the two people who brought me to the academic world. Zt is a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to both of these teachers. The list of individuals who contributted is too long to be adressed in full. Nevertheless I must take an exception to express my gratitude to Dr. M. Amien Rais of the Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University. His support and friendship is very difficult to be revealed in a few words. I am also indebted to Dr. Don G. McCloud and Dr. Terry Begalke, both of MUCIA-Indonesia projects, the Ohio State University, and Dr. Jean Taylor of MUCIA-Indonesia of Madison, Wisconsin. I also must thank several friends. M. Ryaas Rasyid of IIP/Northern Illinois is a sepecial one, he always lending his hand when I need it. Riswandha Imawan encourages me when I am in despair. Budi Rahardjo and his wife(Nunuk), Biran Sarbiran, Yohannes Esomar, Sang Ming Sohn, and Chang Oh. Their friendship helped my life in Columbus less severe. iv To all those individuals, I am grateful. If there is something meaningful in this endeavour, credits must be due to them. All deficiencies of this work are clearly my responsibility. Finally, I am very fortunate to have wonderful family. My wife, Sudjiatmi Purwaningsih (Ning), has to take the burden of becoming a mother and a father of our two children while I am not home. My two children, Nina Ulfah Nulatutadjie and Erlangga Gaffar, are full of understanding by letting their father to be away. They have sacrificed a lot. Therefore, I dedicate this work to my wonderful Ning, Nina and Erlangga. v VITA June 21, 1947................. Born - Tente, Bima, KTB Indonesia 1969........................... B.A. Department of Government Gadjah Mada University Indonesia 1973........................... Doctorandus, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia 1979........................... M.A., Political Science Northern Illinois University 1983-Present................... Lecturer, Dept, of Government Gadjah Mada University PUBLICATIONS Ilmu Politik: Suatu_P_engantar (Political Science: An Intro­ duction, Wydia Mataram University, Yogyakarta, 1983). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Comparative Politics Political Development of the Third World Southeast Asian/Indonesian Politics Politics of Post Industrialized Society Minor Field: Public Policy Theory of Public Policy/Policy Making Comparative Public Policy vi TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMETS .......................................... ii V i t a ..................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ XVi CHAPTER PAGE I. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK....................... 1 Why Study Voting Behavior in Indonesia?... 1 Aims of the Study......................... 5 Framework of The Analysis.......... ...... 6 The General Models of Explaining Electoral Behavior.................................. 7 The Sociological Model............... 7 The Psychological Model............. 11 Explaining Electoral Behavior in Indonesia The "Aliran" Perspective.................. 16 The Implisit Explanation............ 18 The Explicit Explanation............ 22 The Explanatory Variables of Voting in Rural Java................................ 25 Socio-Religious Beliefs............. 26 Party ID and Partisan Choice........ 29 The Pattern of Leadership........... 32 Class and Social Status.............. 37 The Hypothesis............................ 44 Organization of The study................. 46 II. RESEARCH METHODS............................... 49 Introduction.............................. 49 Sampling Procedures....................... 50 Measurement of the Dependent and Independet Variables...................... 5 3 Dependent Variable...................... 53 Independent