The Church Militant: Dunedin Churches and Society During World War One Dickon John Milnes A thesis submitted to the University of Otago in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 31 January 2015 Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vii Naming Conventions .................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Why Dunedin? .................................................................................................................................... 1 War-time Dunedin ............................................................................................................................. 1 Religious History in New Zealand ................................................................................................... 6 New Zealand’s World War One History ...................................................................................... 14 International Equivalents ................................................................................................................ 20 Roman Catholic Sources ................................................................................................................. 21 Anglican Sources .............................................................................................................................. 22 Presbyterian Sources ........................................................................................................................ 24 Denominational Primary Sources .................................................................................................. 25 Non-denominational Primary Sources .......................................................................................... 26 Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 1: Christianity in Dunedin ................................................................................. 31 Attendance Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 31 Population of Dunedin City and Greater Dunedin Area ........................................................... 34 Presbyterian Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 35 Anglican Statistics............................................................................................................................. 37 Roman Catholic Statistics ............................................................................................................... 39 Conclusions from the Data............................................................................................................. 40 Communicating Christian Values to the Community ................................................................. 42 Sunday Schools ................................................................................................................................. 42 Presbyterian Sunday Schools .......................................................................................................... 45 Anglican Sunday Schools ................................................................................................................ 45 Roman Catholic Church Schools ................................................................................................... 48 Protestant Church Schools ............................................................................................................. 50 Church Groups ................................................................................................................................. 54 Adult Organisations ......................................................................................................................... 54 ii Youth Organisations ........................................................................................................................ 56 The Catholic Federation .................................................................................................................. 60 Social Service Organisations ........................................................................................................... 61 Community Missions and Evangelism .......................................................................................... 64 Church Building and Planting......................................................................................................... 66 Communicating the Christian Message Without Involving the Church .................................. 67 Chapter 2: Holy War ....................................................................................................... 72 A Just War ......................................................................................................................................... 73 Justifying the War: Honour and Defending the Weak .............................................................. 75 Good versus Evil .............................................................................................................................. 76 God’s Judgement .............................................................................................................................. 78 Defending New Zealand and the Empire..................................................................................... 79 Outside the Churches ...................................................................................................................... 81 German Tactics, Terror and Frightfulness ................................................................................... 84 Holy War and the Presbyterian Church ........................................................................................ 92 Holy War and the Anglican Church .............................................................................................. 93 Holy War and the Roman Catholic Church ................................................................................. 94 The Kaiser ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Outside the Press .............................................................................................................................. 97 Casualties ........................................................................................................................................... 97 Germany’s Alliance with the Ottoman Empire ........................................................................... 98 The Armenians ............................................................................................................................... 100 Declaration Day .............................................................................................................................. 103 Departing for Camp ....................................................................................................................... 109 War and Sacrifice ............................................................................................................................ 110 Religion and Anzac Day ................................................................................................................ 119 Anzac Day and the Anglican Church .......................................................................................... 119 Anzac Day and the Presbyterian Church .................................................................................... 120 Anzac Day and the Roman Catholic Church ............................................................................. 122 Anzac Day Outside the Churches ................................................................................................ 122 Intercessory Services ...................................................................................................................... 123 Holy War Outside the Churches .................................................................................................. 128 Opposition to Holy War ............................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 3: Patriotism .................................................................................................... 134 The Empire and Imperial Patriotism ........................................................................................... 135 Memorialising Earl Kitchener......................................................................................................