The interacting factors driving change: Cape Verdean organizations in Rotterdam Masters Thesis Leiden University Institute for History (Migration and Global Interdependence) 12 October 2015 Nancy Peiffer Student #1195158 [email protected] Thesis supervisor: Marlou Schrover Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................3 1: Introduction......................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Main research questions........................................................................................................4 1.2 Theoretical Framework.........................................................................................................4 1.3 Hypotheses............................................................................................................................8 1.4 Historiography......................................................................................................................8 1.5 Methods and Materials .......................................................................................................11 Empirical data collection.................................................................................................11 Structure ..........................................................................................................................13 2: Background....................................................................................................................................15 2.1 Cape Verdean migration and employment in Rotterdam....................................................15 2.2 Residence in Rotterdam .....................................................................................................17 2.3 Education, income level and unemployment .....................................................................18 2.4 In the home: language, parenting and teenage pregnancy..................................................19 2.5 Culture: creative expression ...............................................................................................20 2.6 Characterization as 'silent migrants'....................................................................................20 2.7 Overview of development of Cape Verdean organizations in Rotterdam...........................20 2.8 Changes in laws and policies / political environment ........................................................21 An overview of immigration laws and policies affecting Cape Verdeans.......................22 An overview of changes in government policies on immigrants and ethnic minorities .22 Sub-Conclusion.........................................................................................................................25 3: Founding and goals of Avanço, FEDIC, and Cabo........................................................................26 3.1 Avanço: a brief history and characteristics .........................................................................26 Policy-driven and community-driven goals and priorities..............................................27 Obstacles in the opportunity structures............................................................................33 3.2 FEDIC: a brief history and characteristics..........................................................................34 Community-driven goals and priorities...........................................................................35 Accessing opportunity structures.....................................................................................36 3.3 Cabo: a brief history and characteristics.............................................................................36 Determination of community-driven goals and priorities...............................................37 Accessing opportunity structures.....................................................................................39 Sub-Conclusion.........................................................................................................................41 4: Development and changes in activities..........................................................................................43 4.1 Avanço: their activities and development...........................................................................43 Obstacles they encountered.............................................................................................46 4.2 FEDIC: their activities and development............................................................................48 4.3 Cabo: their activities and development...............................................................................49 Human capital and its influence......................................................................................49 External influences..........................................................................................................53 Changes in projects and activities....................................................................................56 Obstacles they encountered.............................................................................................58 Cabo and FOCR conflict: the background ............................................................60 Cabo and FOCR conflict: the development ..........................................................62 Cabo and FOCR conflict: the role of government practices..................................63 Cabo and FOCR conflict: the intergenerational tension and link to cultural/social capital. 65 Sub-Conclusion.........................................................................................................................67 5: Analysis and Conclusion................................................................................................................69 1 6: Appendixes.....................................................................................................................................72 6.1 Appendix A.........................................................................................................................72 6.2 Appendix B: Avanço...........................................................................................................77 6.3 Appendix C: FEDIC............................................................................................................89 6.4 Appendix D: Cabo...............................................................................................................93 7: Bibliography.................................................................................................................................102 8: Consulted Sources Archive List ..................................................................................................106 8.1 Gemeentearchief Rotterdam..............................................................................................106 8.2 John do Livramento personal archive ..............................................................................106 8.3 Carlos Goncalves personal archive ..................................................................................106 Cabo originated documents...........................................................................................106 FOCR originated documents.........................................................................................107 Van Brugge & partners B.V. originated documents.......................................................107 Algemene Beroepscommissie originated documents....................................................108 Deelgemeente Delfshaven originated documents..........................................................108 Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SoZaWe) originated documents..........................108 Liquidation commission originated documents.............................................................109 8.4 Eva Reekers personal archive...........................................................................................109 8.5 Beatris Rocha personal archive.........................................................................................109 8.6 Dick Butte personal archive..............................................................................................109 8.7 Nancy Peiffer personal archive.........................................................................................110 Emails............................................................................................................................110 Interviews.......................................................................................................................110 2 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank all of those who gave me their time to be interviewed and their trust to lend me their personal archives. Without this, I would not have been able to do this research. They are: Carlos Goncalves, John do Livramento, Beatris Rocha, Ivone Mendes, Sandy dos Reis, Eva Reekers, Herman Meijer, Korrie Louwes, and Carola Dogan. 1 Secondly, I would like to thank Marlou Schrover for her patience and guidance for what became a long-term project. Finally, I thank my daughter, Nina Lenstra, for quietly supporting me in her own way. 1 Source of cover photo: Carlos Goncalves, Event: a themed meeting of Cabo about Cape Verdean youth, held in 1994.