Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87164-8 - Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey John L. Brooke Index More information Index Achaimenids, 322 characteristics of development of, Acheulean tradition tools. See tools, stone 151–2 , 163 acid rain, 525 , 544 crop failures, 276 , 458 , 489–90 , 494 Adam, ancestral, 87 . See also Y-chromosome crop rotation and diversifi cation, 462 Adena culture, North America, 310 driven by climate, 156 Africa during Early Modern period, 420 AIDS, 537 ecological problems developing economic growth, 536 , 537 from, 163 land clearance emissions, 488 , 497 English Agricultural Revolution, 461–2 megadroughts, 78 , 86 , 87 , 91 , 92 environmental hazards of, 501–2 mitochondrial DNA, 84 , 91–2 and failure of the feudal/manorial population, 470 system, 428–9 rifts, 63 , 66 fertilizers and pesticides, 461–2 , 533 , shared genetics by all humans, 96 544 , 562 spread of crops, 152 fl ood-water farming, 147 spread of language, 162 future threats to, 566 survival of megafauna, 138–9 and globalization of food, 435–7 , 472 , 476 tectonic movement of, 58 and the Green Revolution, 532 See also human evolution ; specifi c hearths of, 126 countries, regions, and cultures and human mobility, 128–9 African Monsoon hybrid high-yield crops, 533 and desertifi cation of the Sahara, 211 during interglacial period, 6 during Holocene, 134 , 172–4 , 555 during Late Holocene, 276 during Mid-Holocene Transition, 155 , 174 , during Little Ice Age, 458 178 , 184 mechanization of, 505 during Younger Dryas, 133 during Medieval era, 373 , 376–8 at end of LGM, 132 and mortality and fertility rates, 226–8 mega-monsoons, 150 and NPP, 128 African Red Slip Ware, 333 , 344 origins of, 121 , 135–6 Afroasiatic languages, 161–2 plantation system, 430–1 , 436 Agassiz, Lake, 159 and population, 106 , 217 , 312–14 agrarian societies, 7 , 10 , 218 , 529 , 553 prerequisites for, 125–6 agriculture as response to stress, 143 annual biomass energy, 416 rise of agro-ecologies, 122–3 and B ø lling-Aller ø d intervals, 143 and secondary products revolution, and calorie consumption, 127 , 191–2 , 416 191–4 , 287 593 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87164-8 - Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey John L. Brooke Index More information 594 Index agriculture (cont.) fertility rates, 239 and slavery, 430–1 during Little Ice Age, 371 spread of, 157–62 , 238–9 during Mid-Holocene Transition, 181 , 182 transition to, 128 , 150–2 during Preclassical Crisis, 308 , 309–10 in tropics, 152–3 and rise of the state, 189 , 190 warming effects of, 477 See also specifi c cultures See also domestication of animals ; Anderson, Greg, 188 domestication of plants ; horticulture ; anemia, 315 land clearance ; methane Angel, Lawrence, 335 , 338 AIDS/HIV, 532 , 537 , 545 , 563 Angola, 443 ‘Ain Ghazal, Anatolia, 159–60 , 198 animals Ainu culture, Japan, 327 , 474 animal labor, 202–3 , 319 , 420 , 462 , 492 air pollution, 524–8 , 554 . See also emissions, consumption of, 332 , 338 industrial secondary products revolution, 192 Akkadian empire, 281 , 289 , 293 and zoonotic diseases, 221–3 , 233–4 , 563 Akkadian event, 292–6 See also carnivores ; domestication of alarmists, 571–4 animals ; herbivores ; megafauna ; Alaska, 567 specifi c animals albedo, 68 , 69 , 477 , 498 Antarctica, 58 , 62 , 66 , 131 , 564 . See also ice alcohol, 223 , 436 , 464 cores, Greenland or Antarctic algae, 42 , 574 Anthropocene Algaze, Guillermo, 207 , 209 , 241 early modern-modern landuse emissions Allen, Harriet D., 275 and, 402 , 478–9 , 487 , 495–8 , 499 allopatric selection, 26 , 29 , 43 , 48 First Industrial Revolution emissions and, alpacas, 153 478 , 479 alphabets, 306 greenhouse effect in, 398 , 402 , 404 , 476–8 , Altai Mountains, Central Asia, 369 495 , 548–50 Alvarez, Walter, 27–8 , 50 Ruddiman early agriculture greenhouse America, colonial, 475 , 478 , 486 , 487 , 499 . thesis, 286–7 See also United States Ruddiman epidemic drawdown “American Century,” 534 greenhouse thesis, 396 , 440–2 Americas. See New World Second Industrial Revolution emissions Amerindians, 223 , 431–4 , 439–40 , 488 . and, 403 , 407 , 408 , 479 , 525–8 , See also disease, fi rst contact ; smallpox 546–52 amino acids and origins of life, 37 seven phases of, 408 , 553–8 Amorites, 293 See also climate and climate change ; anaerobic sediments, 159 Industrial Revolution ; Ruddiman, Anatolia William colonization of, 158 antibiotics, 563 during Bronze Age Crisis, 292 Antipater of Thessalonica, 339 during Classical Optimum, 325 Antiquity. See Classical Antiquity fl oods, 341 Antonine Plague, 343 , 344 Hittite kingdom, 290 apes, 62–3 , 64 during Little Ice Age, 449 Arab Spring, 569 during Mid-Holocene Transition, 159–60 Arabia, 90 , 92 , 94–5 during Preclassical Crisis, 299 Arabian Sea, 292 rise of Ottomans, 419 Aral Sea, 58 water mills, 320 archaeans, 38 , 40 Andaman Islands, 94 Archaic period Andean cultures in North America, 157 , 226 , 240 , 310 agriculture, 153 in South America, 183 during Classical Optimum, 327 See also Mesolithic period during Dark Ages, 354 Archean Eon, 38 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87164-8 - Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey John L. Brooke Index More information Index 595 Archean/Paleo-Proterozoic crisis, 38–42 See also atmospheric pressure systems ; Arctic, 67 , 164 , 546 , 564 , 565 , 567 . El Ni ñ o/Southern Oscillation ; See also ice cores ; Laurentine monsoons ; North Atlantic Oscillation ; meltwater events thermohaline pump ; westerlies Arctic Oscillation (AO), 168–9 . atmospheric pressure systems See also North Atlantic Oscillation about, 167–8 Ardipithecus ramidus, 65 Azores High-Icelandic Low, 168–9 Arkwright, Richard, 484 Hawaiian High-Aleutian Low, 168 Arrhenius, Svante, 495 , 526 Siberian High-Tibetan Low, 168 arthritis, 221 See also Siberian Highs Asia, 417–19 , 429–30 , 536 . See also East Australia, 93 , 125 , 157 , 557 Asia ; South Asia ; Southeast Asia ; Australopithecus genus, 65 , 71–2 specifi c countries Austronesian languages, 162 Asian Monsoons automobiles, 510 , 522–3 , 524 , 574 during Anthropocene, 555–7 Axial Age, 306 during Bronze Age Crisis, 294 Aztec culture, 419 , 430 , 432 , 439 during Dark Ages, 351–4 at end of LGM, 132 Babylon, 299 , 304 and ENSO, 170–1 Badaran culture, Egypt, 185 during Holocene, 134 , 172–4 , 277 Bailey, Mark, 378 during Little Ice Age, 447 Balsas Valley, Mexico, 152–3 mega-monsoons, 150 bananas, 311 , 497 during Mid Pleistocene Revolution, 77 Bangladesh, 568 during Mid-Holocene Transition, 155 , 174 , banks and banking, 330 , 465 178 , 180 , 184 Bantu-speaking peoples, 162 , 312 and orbital cycles, 68 , 71 barbarians, 339–40 , 346 origins of, 58 Barbary states, 422 and Siberian Highs, 168–9 barley, 129 , 147 , 294 and West Pacifi c Warm Pool, 173 Barnosky, Anthony, 30 during Younger Dryas, 133 basalt provinces. See superplumes See also East Asian Monsoon ; South Asian Baten, Joerg, 378 [Indian] Monsoon beans, 435 Assyria, 299 , 304 , 322 Beijing, China, 418 , 445 asteroids, 52 Belgium, 421 , 494 , 504 , 511 , 516 , 527 Aterian tradition artifacts and tools, 92 , Benedictow, Ole, 387 , 389 , 427 93 , 107 Bengal famine, India, 471 Athens, 188 , 330 Bessemer furnaces, 509 Atlantic Ocean, 45 , 64 , 67 , 366 , 437–8 Bible, 206 , 298 , 299 atmosphere, 18 , 28 , 37 , 38–42 , 68 , 172–4 . Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 573 See also emissions, industrial ; Binford, Lewis, 140 , 145 greenhouse gases Bintliff, John, 275 atmospheric circulation biomass energy, 416 , 422 , 436 , 549 during Early Holocene, 172–4 biome changes, 137–8 , 139 in Ferrell Cells, 167 , 168 , 171 , 172–4 , 277 biosphere, 28 , 38–42 in Hadley Cells, 132 , 167 , 170 , 171 , bipedalism, 65–6 , 69 , 75 . See also hominins ; 172–4 , 276 , 557 homo species and Intertropical Convergence Biraben, Jean No ë l, 323 , 360 , 414 Zone, 136 birth-control, 428 . See also fertility during Late Holocene, 166–71 black carbon/soot, 477 , 549 , 578 . at Mid-Holocene transition, 174–5 See also emissions, industrial ; during Pleistocene, 171 fossil fuels during Pliocene, 171 Black Death. See bubonic plague in Polar Cells, 166 , 171 Black Sea, 58 , 64 , 563 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87164-8 - Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey John L. Brooke Index More information 596 Index Bloch, Marc, 373 , 423 Brenner thesis, 373 Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, 137 , 226–7 , British East India Company, 471 228 , 238–9 . See also Neolithic British Isles Demographic Transition (NDT) colonization of, 161 , 162 B ø lling-Aller ø d, 131 , 136–43 , 172 during Bronze Age, 313 Bond, Gerard, 176 height, 336 , 361 , 378 Bond events. See ice-rafting during Iron Ages, 313 bones, human during Middle Ages, 374 Bronze Age, 312–14 during Preclassical Crisis, 302 and the bubonic plague, 379 , 385 See also England ; Great Britain ; United chemical signature of diet in, 135–6 Kingdom Classical Antiquity, 335–6 bronze, 319 , 483 Denisovan, 96 Bronze Age Iron Age, 312–14 climate, 553 Neolithic, 221 division of, 289 osteological paradox, 225 horses, 282 Roman Empire, 337 human health, 312–16 Boone, James, 228 , 269 metal weapons and tools, 282–3 Boserup, Ester, 4 , 105 , 192 and rise of the state, 10 Boserupian intensifi cation soil erosion following societal about, 4–5 , 105–6 collapse, 273–5 in agriculture,