International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research Special Issue: Manual guidance of veterinary clinical practice and laboratory Table of Contents: Sl No. Article Title 1 Veterinary Clinical Practice and Diagnosis 2 Physical Examination 3 Regional or systematic clinical examination Preparation and administration of medicaments body weight of animals 4 and drug dosage 5 Veterinary laboratory guidance 6 Examination of feces 7 Examination of usrine 8 Skin scraping 9 Milk examination 10 Microbiology examination 11 Serological and immunological test 12 Antimicrobial susceptible test 13 Veterinary molecular laboratory examination 14 Postmortem examination in veterinary practice General Characteristic and Miscellaneous Examination of Microorgan- 15 ism Life Sciences Group International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr CC By Special Issue: Manual guidance of veterinary clinical practice and laboratory Abdisa Tagesu* Research Article Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia Veterinary Clinical Practice and Received: 14 May, 2018 Accepted: 13 August, 2018 Diagnosis Published: 14 August, 2018 *Corresponding author: Abdisa Tagesu, Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia, Tel: +251933681407, also guides veterinary students and clinicians how to operate at E-mail: veterinary clinic and laboratory. https://www.peertechz.com Taking history of patient History taking or anamnesis is the process of taking Introduction information on animal patient from owners about its illness, onset of illness and feeding practice through careful Clinical examination is a fundamental part veterinary questioning of the owner. In Veterinary practice, the disease is diagnosis. It provides the veterinarian with the information presented indirectly in the form of a complaint by the owner to determine the disease or diseases producing the clinical or the attendant. Thus, it is very necessary to have all the abnormalities. Additionally, the information derived from information from the owner. Most of the time, the owner or the clinical examination should assist the veterinarian in attendant fails to provide pertinent and adequate history and determining the severity of the pathophysiological processes. inaccurate history may lead to misdiagnosis. The clinician must Without a profi cient clinical examination and an accurate substantiate these with rational question utilizing professional diagnosis, it is unlikely that the treatment, control, prognosis knowledge [1,5]. and welfare of animals will be optimized [1-5]. The organs or systems involved, the location and type of lesion present, the Without knowing history of animals it is diffi cult to pathophysiological processes occurring and the severity of the diagnose disease problem of patient animals. Therefore, disease can be deduced from the information gained during the the history should be taken from the owners of the patient clinical examination. The success of clinical examination relies and recording the owner’s complaint. Disease information heavily on the knowledge of the clinician and usually assumes should include the group(s) affected, the numbers of animal a single condition is responsible for the abnormalities. Many affected (morbidity) and the identities of the animals affected; clinicians begin their examination by performing a general the number of animals that have died (mortality) should be examination which includes a broad search for abnormalities established. In order to get the accurate and complete history [6,7]. The system or region involved is identifi ed and is then of patience the following things should be focused; patient examined in greater detail using either a complete or a problem data, present history, past history and environmental history. oriented examination. For this sound knowledge of Anatomy, Patient data is essential to identify the patient and it includes: Physiology, Pathology and Animal behavior, skills in the Owner’s name, Owner’s address: postal address, telephone, methods and techniques of clinical examination, knowledge of kebele, peasant association, species, breed, sex, age, name, etiology, clinical sign and pathogenesis of the diseases are the ID No., body weight, description including color, marking, basic requirements for clinician to make diagnosis [8]. polledness, and other identifi cation marks of patient [8,9]. The diseased animals which are presented to veterinary Present history of patient clinic can be analyzed by veterinarian or clinician, the clinician Present history of patient includes of recording the approach through asking the owners complaint, which request sequential events from the start of the patient chronic. for professional assistance by giving animal history. The clinical Questions about physiological functions such as appetite, examination ideally proceeds through a number of steps. The urination, defecation, rumination, respiration, sweating, milk owner’s complaint, the history of the patient, the history of the production, gait, posture and also of the fi rst symptoms shown farm and the signalment of the patient are usually established by the animal should be asked. All these information deal with at the same time by interview with the owner or keeper of the the current problem of the animal and the events associated animal 9. This manuscript can assist veterinary clinicians and with it. The points which going to be asked during that is as technicians by giving clear informations and procedures, and following [1,5,8]. 001 Citation: Tagesu A (2018) Veterinary Clinical Practice and Diagnosis. Int J Vet Sci Res s1: 001-006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.s1.101 Locations of the problems: The main attention at the related to the present illness. Past history will also give idea if complaint that a farmer has to say and from there clinician can such condition prevailed previously in the area. tentatively say can be listed as following: * Ask if such condition was reported previously too * Digestive system involvement will be shown as absence (reveal endemic nature of disease, or occurrence of a of rumination, appetite, bloat or diarrhea new disease) * Respiratory system involvement will be indicated * Does this occur at certain period of time? (fi nd out the presence of nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea. seasonal occurrence of the disease) * Urinary system involvement will be manifested as * Was the disease reported form other places in the frequent urination, passing red coloured or cloudy locality? (area of spread / occurrence can be found out) urine. * Has any animal recovered from such a sickness? (to aid * Musculo-skeletal and nervous system involvement in prognosis) will be manifested as lameness, inco-ordination, and paralysis. * Is the disease restricted to certain age group / sex? (BQ is seen in animals between 1-3 years of age in both Nature of illness: The clinician should be able to assess and sexes 2, 4. fi nd out the time of onset of disease, any change management practices and signs noticed by the farmers. Environmental history * To assess to know the duration of disease whether it is The environment in wiosecurity and regional mineral peracute, acute, subacute or chronic defi ciencies. Risk factors indoors may include ventilation, humidity, dust, stocking density, temperature, lighting, * To know number of animal diseased and morbidity rate bedding, water availability, feeding facilities and fi tments. and mortality rate of animals Environment or surrounding of the animals may help in the diagnosis of disease. Animal grazing on pasture irrigated with * Determine whether any drug has been given for animals, before patience come to clinic for assurance sewerage water may suffer from nitrate poisoning. Parasitic diseases are more in animals, which are kept in marshy lands. * And the following question should be pointed: Recent spraying of weedicide or insecticides may poison the animals. Environmental history can be divided into outdoor * When did the farmer notice the disorder? (time) environment and indoor environment [9]. * Did it occur suddenly/slowly? (acute /sub-acute / Outdoor environment history: It regard to the topography chronic nature) of land where animals are reared, vegetation, type of * What were the signs noticed? (anorexia/drop in milk agriculture practiced in the locality, use of chemicals in yield/ others) agriculture (pesticide, weedicide) and system garbage disposal in the area. Animals that are grazed are likely to be infested by * Are the animal fed / grazed in pasture / forest grazed? parasites and prone to vector borne diseases like babesiosis, (getting information on management practices e.g. trypanosomiasis, or animals that are grazed in the marshy area ketosis seen in stall fed animals, while babesiosis seen including paddy fi led are likely to be infested by liver fl uke etc. in forest grazed animals) Indoor environment history: It regards with the types of * Is there any other animal affected with similar condition animal house. The following should be look assessed how is the in the same herd / in other farmer’s herd in the village house of animals is designed: (to fi nd out if the disease is rapidly spreading)? * If there is proper ventilation, * Ask if there has been any introduction of new animal to the herd / village (sick animal may have been bought * In the rural area, traditionally animals are housed in from affected area and disease has started) the ground fl oor of the house