Canadian Energy Research Institute North American Natural Gas Market Dynamics: Shale Gas Plays in North America – A Review Paul Kralovic Study No. 123 – Section I February 2011 Relevant • Independent • Objective NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS MARKET DYNAMICS: SHALE GAS PLAYS IN NORTH AMERICA – A REVIEW North American Natural Gas Market Dynamics: Shale Gas Plays in North America – A Review Copyright © Canadian Energy Research Institute, 2011 Sections of this study may be reproduced in magazines and newspapers with acknowledgement to the Canadian Energy Research Institute Study No. 123 ISBN 1-896091-97-0 Author: Paul Kralovic* *Paul Kralovic is an external consultant and is the Director of Calgary-based Kralovic Economics Inc. Acknowledgements: The author of this report would like to extend his thanks and gratitude to everyone involved in the production and editing of the material, including, but not limited to George Eynon, Megan Murphy and Peter Howard CANADIAN ENERGY RESEARCH INSITTUTE 150, 3512 – 33 Street NW Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A6 Canada www.ceri.ca February 2011 Printed in Canada North American Natural Gas Market Dynamics: iii Shale Gas Plays in North America – A Review Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REPORT STRUCTURE .............................................................. 1 Background..................................................................................................................................... 1 Regulatory and Environmental Issues ............................................................................................ 7 Report Structure ............................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 2 ESTABLISHED SHALE PLAYS ..................................................................................... 23 The Antrim Shale, Michigan ........................................................................................................... 23 The Barnett Shale, Texas ............................................................................................................... 29 The Devonian Shales, Appalachian Basin, Ohio/Kentucky/West Virginia ...................................... 35 The Fayetteville Shale, Arkansas .................................................................................................... 42 The Haynesville Shale, Louisiana/Texas ......................................................................................... 48 The Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania/West Virginia/Ohio/New York ............................................... 55 The New Albany Shale, Illinois Basin, Illinois/Indiana/Kentucky .................................................... 62 The Woodford Shale, Oklahoma .................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3 EMERGING/EXPLORATORY SHALE PLAYS ................................................................ 75 The Eagle Ford Shale and Pearsall Shale, Maverick Basin, Texas ................................................... 75 The Floyd-Neal Shale, Black Warrior Basin, Alabama/Mississippi .................................................. 81 The Hilliard-Baxter Shale, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming/Colorado ................................... 87 The Montney Shale, British Columbia ............................................................................................ 94 The Muskwa/Ootla Shale, Horn River Basin, British Columbia ...................................................... 103 The Utica Shale, Québec ................................................................................................................ 114 Other Shale Gas Plays ..................................................................................................................... 119 APPENDIX A A LIST OF FRAC FLUID ADDITIVES ............................................................................ 133 APPENDIX B A COMPLETE LIST OF SHALE GAS PLAYS IN NORTH AMERICA .................................. 135 February 2011 iv Canadian Energy Research Institute February 2011 North American Natural Gas Market Dynamics: v Shale Gas Plays in North America – A Review List of Figures Figure 1.1 Major Shale Gas Basins in North America ........................................................................ 2 Figure 1.2 Schematic Geology of Natural Gas Resources ................................................................. 4 Figure 1.3 Horizontal versus Vertical Multi-stage Fracture Stimulation ........................................... 5 Figure 1.4 Natural Gas Production by Source, 1990-2035 ................................................................ 7 Figure 1.5 Composition of a Frac Fluid .............................................................................................. 11 Figure 1.6 Groundwater Protection and Drilling and Completions .................................................. 15 Figure 1.7 A Typical Horizontal Well and Multi-stage Frac ............................................................... 17 Figure 1.8 A Typical Frac’ing Operation in East Texas ....................................................................... 19 Figure 1.9 Multiple Horizontal Wells Drilled from a Single Well Pad ................................................ 20 Figure 1.10 Vertical Drilling versus Multiple Horizontal Wells Drilled from a Single Well Pad ........... 21 Figure 2.1 Antrim Shale Map ............................................................................................................ 23 Figure 2.2 Map of Michigan’s Drilling Activity .................................................................................. 26 Figure 2.3 Barnett Shale Map ........................................................................................................... 29 Figure 2.4 Drilling Forecast for the Barnett Shale ............................................................................. 35 Figure 2.5 Map of the Devonian & Marcellus Shales ........................................................................ 36 Figure 2.6 Map of the Lower Huron & Marcellus Fairways .............................................................. 39 Figure 2.7 Virginia’s Nora-Haysi Field ............................................................................................... 40 Figure 2.8 Fayetteville Shale Map ..................................................................................................... 42 Figure 2.9 Drilling Forecast for the Fayetteville Shale ...................................................................... 48 Figure 2.10 Haynesville Shale Map ..................................................................................................... 49 Figure 2.11 Drilling Forecast for the Haynesville Shale ....................................................................... 54 Figure 2.12 Marcellus Shale Map ........................................................................................................ 56 Figure 2.13 Hydraulic Frac’ing Job Size for Range Resources ............................................................. 60 Figure 2.14 Drilling Forecast for the Marcellus Shale ......................................................................... 61 Figure 2.15 New Albany Shale Map .................................................................................................... 63 Figure 2.16 Map of the Illinois Basin and the New Albany Shale ........................................................ 65 Figure 2.17 Woodford Shale Map ....................................................................................................... 69 Figure 2.18 Drilling Forecast for the Woodford Shale ........................................................................ 73 Figure 3.1 Eagle Ford Shale Map ....................................................................................................... 75 Figure 3.2 Schematic Geology of the Eagle Ford Shale ..................................................................... 76 Figure 3.3 Eagle Ford Shale Activity .................................................................................................. 79 Figure 3.4 Floyd-Neal Shale Map ...................................................................................................... 82 Figure 3.5 Map of the Floyd-Neal Drilling Activity ............................................................................ 84 Figure 3.6 Hilliard-Baxter Shale Map ................................................................................................ 87 Figure 3.7 Greater Green River Basin Map ....................................................................................... 88 Figure 3.8 Map of Existing and Planned Pipelines in the Rock Mountains ....................................... 93 Figure 3.9 Montney/Doig Basin Shale Region ................................................................................... 95 Figure 3.10 Upper and Lower Montney Horizontal Type Curves ........................................................ 98 Figure 3.11 Horn River Shale Region ..................................................................................................