Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences № 9–10 2015 September–October «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH Vienna 2015 Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences Scientific journal № 9–10 2015 (September–October) ISSN 2310-5607 Editor-in-chief Petra Busch, Austria Consulting editors Jolanta Lewicka, Poland Alajos Fazekas, Hungary International editorial board Egor Rachynski, Ukraine Rostislav Komarov, Russia Slavka Konstantinova, Bulgaria Jennifer Mathieson, Scotland Hong Han, China Alessandro Massaro, Italy Proofreading Kristin Theissen Cover design Andreas Vogel Additional design Stephan Friedman Editorial office European Science Review “East West” Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Am Gestade 1 1010 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] Homepage: www.ew-a.org Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences is an international, German/English/Russian language, peer-reviewed journal. 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Architecture Kaplinska Mariana, Lviv Polytechnic National University PhD Student, Institute of Architecture Department of Architectural and Artistic Heritage Restoration E-mail: [email protected] The transport problem of the market squares regeneration in the historic towns and cities of Galicia Abstract: The transport problem of the market squares regeneration in the historic towns of Galicia is examined in the paper as it’s the problem that arises in the earliest stages of the designing their architectural and urban environment. The development of transport systems is one of the most important urban factors and must be taken into account and adjusted for the purpose of the towns and cities architectural and urban heritage preservation. Keywords: transport, market squares, historic towns and cities, Galicia, regeneration, heritage, pedestrian zone. The towns of Galicia differ in terms of population, ter- studied cities trolley buses (Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Ter- ritory, levels of economic and cultural development, the nopil) and trams work. Nowadays trams work only in place and role in the settlement system and consequently Lviv (one of the routes is crossing the market square of the level of transport systems organization in general, along its southern side). Although there was a suburban that is reflected in the structure of the administrative- narrow gauge railway in Kpolomyia, which connected it territorial system: administrative significance of the city with the villages of Rungury and Kovalivka and crossed and its transport capabilities are naturally interdependent. the town market square. It was dismantled in 1967. The There are 152 urban settlements on the territory of Iva- plan to build the tram system in Ivano-Frankivsk (Stan- no-Frankivsk, Lviv and Ternopil regions (148 within of islav till 1962) was destroyed by the WWI. According the historic region of Galicia). The list of historical settle- to the scheme, one of the tram routes had to cross the ments include 112 ones, the market squares constituting market square of Ivano-Frankivsk along its western side. the object of our study are identified in more than 90 of However, there is no their own public transport in most them. According to administrative significance the 10 of cities, and the function of internal communication is inte- studied objects belong to the cities of regional importance grated into the external transport system. This is facilitated (3 of them — regional centers), 50 — of district impor- by the road network formed in such a way that roads of the tance (23 of them — district centers), 35 — urban villages state and local importance pass usually through downtowns (including 3 — district centers). crossing almost the all studied market squares. Obviously, first of all the directly linked to the mar- Following international routes pass through the ket squares motor transport must be considered: avail- Ukrainian part of Galicia: E-40 (the longest European able in all the cities and towns public transport (local route, which is the part of No.3 international transport and external); individual transport (mainly automobile corridor (it crosses Mostyska, SudovaVyshnia, Horodok, and cycling); and available in few cities public electric Lviv in one branch and Krakovets, Yavoriv, Ivano-Frank- transport (trams and trolleybuses). ove, Lviv — in another, and then goes through Kulykiv, The local public transport works mainly in the dis- Busk, Olesko, Brody); E-50 (the part of which coin- trict centers with the population of 10–20000 people, cides with No.5 international transport corridor; crosses sometimes less: Berezhany, Brody Buchach, Gorodenka, Skole, Stryi, Zhydachiv, Khodoriv, Rohatyn, Berezhany, Dolyna, Zbarazh, Zolochiv, Nadvirna Rohatyn, Chortkiv; Kozova, Ternopil); E 372 (Rava Ruska, Zhovkva, Ku- and in the cities of regional significance with population likov, Lviv); E-85 (Ternopil, Mykulyntsi, Terebovlya, more than 50000 people: Drohobych, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kopychyntsi, Chortkiv, Tovste, Zalishchyky). These Kalush, Kolomyia, Lviv, Ternopil. In the largest of the routes along with the routes of national (H-09, H-10, 3 Section 1. Architecture H-13, H-18), regional (P-15, P-20, P-24, P-39, P-40) cal significance, although it is not always possible in this and territorial importance (T-0904, T-0906, T-0910, case to comply with all town planning restrictions. The T-1404, T-1418, T-1425 and others) pass through more compliance with the historic red lines is a fundamental than a half of the market squares in question. It was objective for the protection of built heritage, and if the determined in general that 8 ones among the studied requirements for roads are contradictious to it and they market squares are crossed by international highway, cannot be weakened, such roads should be made out- 13 — by routs of national, 8 — of regional, 19 — of side the valuable historic architectural and urban envi- territorial importance; the rest are the roads of local im- ronment. This requires the construction or repairing of portance, which in any case are the main transport ar- bypass routes to remove transit transport from the cities teries of the settlements. Thus in 34 cases the roads of and towns. national importance with the commensurate vehicle load The associated with road traffic harmful emissions (bulky trucks and buses on the condition of simultane- as well as vibration are causing the destruction of his- ous absence of bypass roads or their poor state) cross toric buildings, while most of architectural and urban the market squares, suggested in this study as the objects heritage in the historic cities and towns of Galicia still urban heritage, that leads along with other factors to their remain insufficiently studied and unappreciated. Despite destruction. There is no road only at the site of the lost all the benefits, automobile transport belongs to one of market square in Sokal. In some cities pedestrian zones the main factors of pollution (except the exhaust gases, are arranged at the historic market squares, e. g. in Iva- the toxic road effluents and noise pollution should also no-Frankivsk since 2012. Car traffic is withdrawn from mentioned) that affects the human health and lifespan. the Lviv Market Square, but tram routes still work here, The current state of transport systems in the region their tracks run along its southern side. They consider leads to the problem of social injustice, when different the possibility of placing pedestrian zones at the market categories of people are unequal in use of urban space. squares in Berezhany and Zhovkva. Several ineffective Much attention is been payed to this aspect of the trans- for the time attempts to ban cars from entering the ter- port problem in recent decades: the imbalance in public ritory of the market square were made in Drohobych. and private road transport (difficult access to goods, ser- The three main arguments are to be given in favor vices, work, participation in public life);