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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 73-11,592 TOOTLE, James Roger, 1943- ANGLO-INDIAN RELATIONS IN THE NORTHERN THEATRE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1748-1761. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 History, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan j, IHIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. ANGLO-INDIAN RELATIONS IN THE NORTHERN THEATRE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1748-1761 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James Roger Tootle, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by AdvV^r 1 Departmen\\f History PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my adviser, Professor Paul C. Bowers, for the many hours he gave to this project. His knowledge of the colonial period and his skill as a literary critic were of great benefit to me in completing this study. I am also grateful to him for his encouragement and availability throughout the period of time spent on this work. I would also like to thank Professors Bradley C. Chapin and Allan R. Millett of the Department of History and Professor John C. Messenger of the Department of Anthropology for reading the manu­ script and offering their suggestions for its improvement. Mr.. Peter J. Parker of the Pennsylvania Historical Society was very helpful in locating research materials in the collections of that institution. My special thanks go to my wife, Barbie, for her constant help and encouragement from the inception to the completion of this study. Her unselfish service as research assistant, sounding board, organi­ zer of materials, critic, typist, and companion was absolutely indispensable. ii VITA June 21, 1943 .... Born - Columbus, Ohio ' 1965 B.A,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966-1971 ..... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967 M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-: 1972 . ' . ; . Academic Adviser, University College, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American History Studies in American Colonial History. Professor Paul C. Bowers Studies in U. S. Military History. Professor Harry L. Coles Studies in Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy. Professor Bradley C. Chapin Studies in the History of Russia. Professor Charles Morley i.ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii VITA . iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1 II. THE BRITISH, THE FRENCH, AND THE INDIANS .... 28 The European Contenders The Indians III. THE TRANSITION FROM WAR TO PEACE 49 IV. BRITISH-FRENCH EXPANSION INTO OHIO AND COMPETITION FOR INDIAN AMITY, 1748-1751 86 1748: The Formation of the Ohio Company French Penetration•into Ohio: The Expedition of . Celeron de Blainville Indian Grievances in Pennsylvania: 1749 The Pennsylvania-Virginia Rivalry Diplomacy on the New York Frontier British Penetration into Ohio: The Expedition of Christopher Gist Comparisons of Indian Response to Celeron and Gist V.'1 PROBLEMS IN ANGLO-INDIAN DIPLOMACY 1750-1752 ... 135 Governor Hamilton and the Conduct of Indian Affairs The Mismanagement of Indian Affairs in New York The Logstown Conference of 1751 . The Albany Conference of 1751 Pressure from the French in the Summer of 1752 Virginia, The Ohio Company, and Westward Expansion The Logstown Conference of 1752 The French Attack Piclcawillany iv Page VI. THE DECLINE OF THE BRITISH INTEREST 1752-1754 . 178 Virginia's Advance into Ohio The French Invasion of the Ohio Valley The Six Nations Seek British Support The Onondaga Conference of 1753 The Winchester Conference of 1753 The Carlisle Conference of 1753 Washington's Mission to Ohio Virginia and the Campaign of 1754 The Albany Conference 1754 Post-Conference Indian Affairs: New York Post-Conference Indian Affairs: Virginia post-Conference Indian Affairs: Pennsylvania Conclusion VII. THE BEGINNING OF MAJOR MILITARY OPERATIONS 234 The Alexandria Conference 1755 The Mohawk Conference May 1755 The Mount Johnson Conference June/July 1755 The Estrangement of Shirley and Johnson Indian Recruitment and the Braddock Expedition Shirley's Niagara Campaign Johnson's Lake George Expedition Conclusion VIII. THE FURTHER DECLINE OF THE BRITISH INTEREST. ... 281 Alienation of the Delawares and Shawnees Pennsylvania's Declaration of War Onondaga and Mount Johnson Conferences June/ July 1756 Easton Conferences July and November 1756 British Colonies on the Defensive The Fall of Oswego British Inaction and a Change of Command Military Operations of 1757 . British-Indian Diplomatic Relations: The Conferences' of Summer 1757 Military Reversals: Fort William Henry and German Flats Conclusion v IX. THE IMPACT OF BRITISH MILITARY SUCCESS ON THE INDIAN ALLIANCE STRUCTURE Indian Auxiliaries for Abercromby, 1758 The Fort Carillon Expedition The Louisbourg Expedition The Fall of Frontenac Easton Conference 1758 The Post Mission to Ohio The Decline of French Power in Ohio The British Strategy for 1759 The Establishment of Fort Pitt The Reversal of Six Nations Policy The Niagara Campaign The Campaigns of Amherst and Wolfe The Fall of Montreal and the End of the War Conclusion X. CONCLUSION: THE DETERMINANTS OF INDIAN POLICY. The Major Determinants of Indian Amity: Survival/ Allying with the Victor BIBLIOGRAPHY vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY Throughout the era of the British-French rivalry for supremacy in North America the two European powers endeavored to win the friendship and aid of the various native Indian tribes. For economic, military, and territorial reasons, both sides considered it desirable and advantageous to establish a sphere of influence among the Indian nations. The focus of this study is the period between the close of King George's War in 1748 and the'end of hostilities in North America in the French and Indian War in 1761. In this period following the peace of Aix-la-Chappelle, both sides realized the imperial impor­ tance of the Ohio Valley. Accordingly, competition for the amity of the Indians exercising control over this area became especially acute. Both sides believed that their diplomatic and military relations with the Indians would to a great extent determine the success or failure of their plans to expand their empires into the Ohio Valley. The goal of this study is to examine the relations between the British and the Indians during this important period in order to deter­ mine how and why various Indian nations became attracted to the British interest. An attempt will be made to survey the diplomatic alliances 2 and ruptures between the British and the Indians and to explain the reasons for their occurrence. Various historians have touched on the subject of Indian relations, but most have done so only in a superficial manner. Some writers have tried to explain Indian actions in certain isolated instances, but little attempt has been made to develop a theory that would adequately explain Indian behavior throughout this era. Even when examining specific cases, historians have disagreed sharply over the causes of Indian behavior. The literature of the period is marked by a lack of consensus as to what factors were most influential in motivating the Indians. This absence of unanimity is illustrated in the literature review that follows. Many explanations of Indian behavior are offered, but no single thesis emerges that will consistently and completely account for the conduct of the Indians during the 1748-1761 period. Gifts. The giving of gifts has been cited as an important factor in influencing Indians to join the British interest. This position has been well stated by Wilbur R. Jacobs in his valuable work, Diplomacy and Indian Gifts. The giving and receiving of gifts was "a decisive factor in the story of Indian diplomacy along the Ohio and Northwest frontiers during the years 1748-1763."^ Specifically, in regard to the rivalry for the Ohio Valley, Jacobs contends that the Indians of that area "had to be bought with presents" in order to secure their services as warriors, scouts, or merely neutrals.