Saša Milojevi ć Branislav Simonovi ć Bojan Jankovi ć Božidar Otaševi ć Veljko Turanjanin YOUTH AND HOOLIGANISM AT SPORTS EVENTS Supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development Belgrade, 2013 Youth and hooliganism at sports events 2 Authors Prof. Saša Milojevi ć, PhD Prof. Branislav Simonovi ć, PhD Bojan Jankovi ć, MSc. Božidar Otaševi ć, MA Veljko Turanjanin, MSc. Publisher ОSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Mission to Serbia Supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development Reviewers Prof. Sr đan Milašinovi ć, PhD Prof. Božidar Banovi ć, PhD Prof. Goran Vu čkovi ć, PhD Proof-reader Design Pre-press and printing Circulation 150 ISBN Belgrade, 2013 Youth and hooliganism at sports events 3 Publication of the research supported by the OSCE Mission to Serbia The views and interpretations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the OSCE “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” (Sir Edmund Burke ) Youth and hooliganism at sports events 4 CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 4 1. CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS ......................................................... 8 1. 1. CONCEPT OF VIOLENT CRIMINALITY ...................................................................... 8 1.2. CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE IN SPORTS ......................................................................... 10 1.2.1. DEFINITION OF FAN VIOLENT CRIMINALITY AND DIFFERENTIATION WITH RELATED FORMS OF CRIMINALITY ............................ 12 1.2.2. CONCEPT OF HOOLIGANISM ............................................................................... 14 1.3. MANIFESTATIONS AND CAUSES OF VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS ............. 17 2. HISTORY OF VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS ........................................................ 20 2.1. RESEARCH OF VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS TODAY ...................................... 25 2.2. PERIODISATION OF VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ............................................................................................ 27 2.2.1. PERIOD OF THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA.................................................. 28 2.2.2. PERIOD FROM 1945 TO THE LATE 1960s ............................................................ 29 2.2.3. PERIOD OF THE 1970s AND 1980s ........................................................................ 29 2.2.4. PERIOD OF THE 1990s ............................................................................................. 30 2.2.5. PERIOD FROM THE LATE 1990s TO LATE 20 th CENTURY ............................... 30 2.2.6. FAN VIOLENCE IN SERBIA SINCE 2001.............................................................. 31 2.3. FAN GROUPS IN SERBIA .............................................................................................. 32 2.3.1. CATEGORISATION OF FANS IN SERBIA ............................................................ 37 2.4. CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTREME FANS .................................................................. 38 3. POLICE MEASURES TO COUNTER HOOLIGANISM .............................................. 43 3.1. ТRADITIONAL MODEL OF COUNTERING HOOLIGANISM ................................... 43 3.2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VIOLENCE AT SPORTS EVENTS .......................... 44 3.3 INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST HOOLIGANISM ..................................................................... 48 3.4 PROACTIVE POLICE TACTICS APPLIED TO SECURING WORLD AND EUROPEAN FOOTBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS ............................................. 54 3.4.1 EURO 2000 .................................................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 ЕURO 2004 .................................................................................................................. 55 3.4.3 WORLD CUP 2006 ..................................................................................................... 58 3.4.4 ЕURO 2008 .................................................................................................................. 59 3.4.5 EURO 2012 .................................................................................................................. 62 3.5 POLICING IN SEVERAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES .................................................... 67 Youth and hooliganism at sports events 5 3.5.1. GREAT BRITAIN ...................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2. ITALY......................................................................................................................... 71 3.5.3. SERBIA ...................................................................................................................... 73 4. PENAL FRAMEWORK REGULATING HOOLIGANISM AT SPORTS EVENTS IN FORMER YUGOSLAV AND OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ........................................................................... 80 4.1 SERBIA .............................................................................................................................. 81 4.1.1 CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR AT A SPORTS EVENT OR PUBLIC GATHERING ................................................................ 81 4.1.2 АNALYSIS OF ACTS OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENCE .......................................... 83 4.1.3 SECURITY MEASURE BANNING ATTENDANCE AT SOME SPORTS EVENTS ................................................................................................... 91 4.1.4 MISDEMEANOURS ................................................................................................... 92 4.1.5 PROTECTIVE MEASURE ......................................................................................... 93 4.1.6 REMARKS ON JUVENILES AS PERPETRATORS OF MISDEMEANOURS AND CRIMINAL OFFENCES ...................................................................................................... 94 4.2. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ..................................................................................... 95 4.3 CROATIA ........................................................................................................................... 97 4.3.1 CRIMINAL OFFENCES ............................................................................................. 97 4.3.2 MISDEMEANOURS ................................................................................................... 98 4.3.3 PROTECTIVE, CAUTIONARY AND SECURITY MEASURES ............................ 99 4.4 MONTENEGRO............................................................................................................... 102 4.5 SLOVENIA....................................................................................................................... 103 4.6 MACEDONIA .................................................................................................................. 104 4.6.1 CRIMINAL OFFENCE ............................................................................................. 104 4.6.2 MISDEMEANOURS ................................................................................................. 104 4.7 GREAT BRITAIN ............................................................................................................ 105 4.8 ITALY............................................................................................................................... 107 5. PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO COUNTER HOOLIGANISM AT SPORTS EVENTS ............................................................................................................. 113 5.1. PREVENTION OF HOOLIGANISM ............................................................................. 113 5.1.1 PROBLEMS OF A REPRESSIVE APPROACH TO HOOLIGANISM .................. 113 5.1.2. FORENSIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GENESIS OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR AND HOOLIGANISM IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE ...................................................................................................... 114 5.1.3. RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR IN THE PERSONALITY FORMATION PROCESS .................................................................................................. 115 5.1.4. MOTIVATION FOR HOOLIGANISM ................................................................... 118 Youth and hooliganism at sports events 6 5.1.5. THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND PEER GROUP ASSOCIATION OF JUVENILES ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR .................................... 122 5.2. YOUTH-ORIENTED PREVENTION PROGRAMMES ............................................... 124 5.2.1. ABOUT YOUTH-ORIENTED PROGRAMMES FOR THE PREVENTION OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR (HOOLIGANISM) IN GENERAL .......................................... 124 5.2.2. PROGRAMMES FOR THE PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AMONG SCHOOL YOUTH............................................................................................................................... 128 5.2.3. TARGETING RISK FACTORS THAT LEAD TO YOUTH VIOLENCE AND INTRODUCING PROTECTIVE FACTORS .................................................................... 131 5.3. PROGRAMMES FOR THE PREVENTION OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR IMPLEMENTED IN THE USA ............................................................................................. 135 5.3.1. ABOUT US PROGRAMMES FOR THE PREVENTION OF YOUTH VIOLENCE