View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Denver University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 3-1-2009 Homeland Security and Terrorism in Selected European States Eric M. Deutcher University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, International Law Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Deutcher, Eric M., "Homeland Security and Terrorism in Selected European States" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 159. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/159 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. HOMELAND SECURITY AND TERRORISM IN SELECTED EUROPEAN STATES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Eric M. Deutcher March 2009 Advisor: Dr. Karen Feste ©Copyright by Eric M. Deutcher 2009 All Rights Reserved Author: Eric M. Deutcher Title: HOMELAND SECURITY AND TERRORISM IN SELECTED EUROPEAN STATES Advisor: Dr. Karen Feste Degree Date: March 2009 ABSTRACT In the wake of the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the responses to terrorism increased throughout the world. The face of Homeland Security is now heavily focused on the prevention, preparedness, response and recovery of terrorist attacks not only in the United States, but also amongst some of America’s oldest allies. This thesis studies the level of change in homeland security strategy of European NATO members after the 9/11 attacks in the United States. The analysis of strategic components within each NATO member’s homeland security strategy (history, laws, counterterrorism agencies and budget support) shows significant change. The international community’s perspective and role in terrorism and homeland security strategy can be an important component toward the safety and security in the United States. Terrorism’s influence on homeland security programs abroad is evidence that its successful mitigation and defeat will be contingent upon international cooperation and strategy. ! "" ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my wife Kristen and my son Ryan for all their support and encouragement throughout the past year and a half. I want to thank Dr. Karen Feste for advising me through the sea of research and rough drafts and continuing to challenge my writing, ideas, organization and assumptions. I also want to acknowledge Dr. Paul Viotti and Dr. Tamra d’Estree for their participation on my oral defense committee. Most importantly, I want to thank the Josef Korbel School of International Studies and the University of Denver for supporting my work. It is hoped that my thesis can represent the critical thinking and creativity the Homeland Security program at the University of Denver encourages amongst all its students. Finally, I want to thank my lord and savior Jesus Christ for consistently giving me the strength and courage to venture beyond my academic and professional capabilities. !""" TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. 1 A. The NATO Alliance………………………………………………... 4 B. Focus of Study………………………………………………………6 II. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………….. 8 III. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………… 23 A. History of Terrorism……………………………………………….. 24 B. Counterterrorism Agencies………………………………………… 25 C. Laws………………………………………………………………... 26 D. Budgetary Support…………………………………………………. 27 IV. CASE STUDIES United Kingdom…………………………………………………… 29 Spain……………………………………………………………….. 43 Turkey……………………………………………………………… 54 France………………………………………………………………. 65 Italy………………………………………………………………… 77 Germany……………………………………………………………. 87 Greece……………………………………………………………… 98 Belgium…………………………………………………………….. 107 Netherlands………………………………………………………… 117 Denmark……………………………………………………………. 126 Norway……………………………………………………………... 133 Iceland……………………………………………………………… 139 Luxembourg………………………………………………………... 143 Portugal…………………………………………………………….. 147 V. ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………153 VI. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….. 165 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………….. 171 ! "# LIST OF TABLES Table 1. United Kingdom-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………... 31 Table 2. United Kingdom-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……. 36 Table 3. Spain-Terrorist Events 1996-2004…………………………………. 44 Table 4. Spain-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies………………... 50 Table 5. Turkey-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………….. 56 Table 6. Turkey-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies………………. 61 Table 7. France-Terrorist Events 1996-2004………………………………... 68 Table 8. France-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies………………. 72 Table 9. Italy-Terrorist Events 1996-2004………………………………….. 79 Table 10. Italy-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……………….... 83 Table 11. Germany-Terrorist Events 1996-2004…………………………….. 89 Table 12. Germany-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……………. 93 Table 13. Greece-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………….. 100 Table 14. Greece-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……………… 103 Table 15. Belgium-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………… 108 Table 16. Belgium-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies…………….. 111 Table 17. Netherlands-Terrorist Events 1996-2004………………………….. 118 Table 18. Netherlands-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies…………. 120 Table 19. Denmark-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………... 127 Table 20. Denmark-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……………. 128 Table 21. Norway-Terrorist Events 1996-2004………………………………. 134 Table 22. Norway-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies……………... 135 Table 23. Iceland-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………….. 139 Table 24. Iceland-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies…………….... 140 Table 25. Luxembourg-Terrorist Events 1996-2004…………………………. 144 Table 26. Luxembourg-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies………... 145 Table 27. Portugal-Terrorist Events 1996-2004……………………………… 149 Table 28. Portugal-Counterterrorism and Intelligence Agencies…………….. 150 Table 29. Terrorist Related Incidents before and after 9/11………………….. 154 Table 30. Change in Counterterrorism Laws before and after 9/11………….. 157 Table 31. Change in Counterterrorism Agencies before and after 9/11……… 159 Table 32. Budget Changes after 9/11…………………………………………. 162 The views expressed in this thesis are my own and not necessarily those of the Department of State or the United States Government. ! # I. INTRODUCTION In a globalized world, the attacks of 9/11 not only had a profound influence on the United States but also on many other countries. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how America’s close allies—long time members of NATO—responded, what resolutions were adopted, what new laws were enacted, and if agencies reorganized indicating a greater influence of terrorism in strategic parts of the world. “Terrorism” and “Homeland Security” are two terms that have found their way into the vocabulary of society as a result of the attacks on 9/11. Terrorism is often subjective and has different meanings to different governments. Some governments define certain tactics used by groups as terrorism, while others may see these tactics as a form of liberation or nationalism.1 Terrorism’s bias and negative nature inhibit it from having one all-encompassing definition. However, efforts are still being made to discover the commonalities in the term across the international community. In many ways the term parallels the change in terrorism itself. In her article “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism,” Audrey Kurth-Cronin addresses the difficult issue of defining terrorism, stating, “the term has evolved and in part because it is associated with an activity that is designed to be subjective.”2 Cronin !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Pape, Robert. “Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” Random House, (2005). 2 Audrey Kurth-Cronin, “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism,” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3. (Winter, 2002-2003), pp. 30-58. ! $ goes onto explain that while the actions of terrorism are in dispute, the following four characteristics are always present: 1. Terrorism always has a political nature. 2. Terrorism’s non-state character distinguishes terrorism, even when the terrorists receive support from state sources. 3. Terrorism deliberately targets the innocent, which also distinguishes it from state uses of force that inadvertently kill innocent bystanders. 4. Terrorists do not abide by international laws or norms and, to maximize the psychological effect of an attack, their activities have a deliberately unpredictable quality.3 Throughout the decades, many attempts to give a concrete and accurate definition to the term “terrorism” have failed. The definition of terrorism is controversial because it is often confused between lawful and unlawful use of force by both state and non-state actors in certain situations. This confuses groups of people across the nations. For example, some countries may consider the bombing of Western targets an act of jihad, while others perceive it as terrorism. Islamic extremists who engage in violence abroad are sometimes considered “freedom fighters”