1 Uneasy Relationship: The Dilemma of Liberal State and New Citizens By Raffi Markarian A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Carleton University © by Raffi Markarian, March 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your Me Votm refirence ISBN: 978-0-494-67868-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-67868-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada ii Uneasy Relationship: The Dilemma of the Liberal State and New Citizens Abstract This dissertation addresses one of the most compelling challenges facing liberal democracies today, namely integrating new citizens. For the past 150 years different generations of newcomers have integrated successfully into Western democratic systems. Today however, there are growing signs that this historic successful integration is not happening as smoothly as before. While the principles of liberal democratic systems encourage full integration of diverse communities in their societies, the empirical studies consistently and persistently show an increasing portion of new immigrants remaining socially, politically, and economically marginalized from the main stream society. By focusing on the case of Canada, this dissertation focuses on recent changes in the structure and behaviour of different players, the state, the new immigrants and civil society. The protagonists of the story narrated here therefore are: the new citizens and the dilemma they face; the liberal state and its transformation in the face of globalization; and the civil society, both as the scene for the playing out of the interaction between the first two, as well as the guardian of social and political cohesion. These changes have resulted in a more complicated and difficult relationship between them, subsequently making the integration of newcomers more difficult than before. While others trace the integration of newcomers in Western societies mainly through economic, social and cultural analysis, the main focus here is on the relationship and the dynamic interactions among the main players. Robust and dynamic interactions among them give rise to stronger social cohesion, political stability and stronger sense of iii self-worth and substantial citizenship. The big claim of this dissertation is that the recent changes in the definition, features and objectives of the main stakeholders of the immigration process may lie at the heart of the problematic of integrating new citizens in the liberal democratic systems. I present a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of these changes in order to explain the problem, and offer a multi-dimensional reading of "Multiculturalism" as a practical measure to soften the process of integration. Instead of treating multiculturalism as a policy, one should see it as a way of thinking and doing. Such approach would generate three interconnected principles of commitment, recognition and inclusion, and in turn, help main players reach out to the other side and develop a long lasting relationship; one that helps state and society enjoy stronger cohesion and the newcomers a stronger sense of belonging. iv Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Prof. Farhang Rajaee for his guidance, understanding, patience, and most importantly, his friendship. Without his constant guidance and paramount mentorship, I could not have finished my Ph.D. He was always there to meet and talk about my ideas, to proofread and mark up my papers and chapters, and to ask me good questions to help me think through my problems. I consider it my fortune to be his friend, and to have worked with him. I am also grateful to the members of my committee for taking the time to guide me through my dissertation. I would like express my appreciation to Prof. Tom Darby and Prof. Peter Swan for their insightful remarks and support. I would also like to acknowledge the members of the evaluation committee, Prof. Douglas Mogach and Prof. Warren Thorngate for their valuable guidance, and frank, critical comments. This work has benefited from various researchers. Special mention goes to the Metropolis project, whose publications served as the starting point for this thesis. I would also like to thank Angela Arnet Connidis for proof reading the text and providing editorial comments. Finally, I would like to thank my family. My wife, Anahid, has been the bedrock upon which the past fifteen years of my life have been built. My always positive and joyful children, Vana and Annie, have been a powerful source of inspiration and energy. I thank my parents, Khoodan and Nazik (Haygoui), for their faith in me and allowing me to be as ambitious as I wanted. v Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv Table of contents v Introduction 1-22 Chapter one: Theoretical Context 23-63 Citizenship Dimensions and Their Evolution; 29 Chapter Two: Problems 64-125 The Problematic of Immigrant's Economic Integration; 66 The Problematic of Immigrant's Political Integration; 90 The Problematic of Immigrant's Social Integration; 107 Chapter Three: Characteristics of the New Immigrant 126-177 Historical Patterns and Policies; 127 Immigrant's Destination; 144 Demographic Characteristics of the New Immigrant; 153 Education; 160 Religion; 163 Language; 166 Chapter Four: Transformation of the Liberal State 178-207 Welfare State & Workfare State; 178 The Great Transformation; 189 Chapter Five: Shrinking Civil Society 208-23 8 The Idea of Social Capital; 219 Immigrants Social Capital; 228 Conclusion 239-259 Bibliography 260-297 1 Uneasy Relationship: The Dilemma of Liberal State and New Citizens Introduction: With virtually one in five (19.8%) of its total population foreign-born in 2006, Canada has one of the largest proportions of foreign-born citizenry in the world. In comparison to other Western liberal states, 12.9% of the population in the United States is foreign -born, 12.4% in Sweden, 9.7% in the United Kingdom, and 8.1% in France, with only Australia boasting a larger concentration (23.8%) (OECD 2007, 330). The 2006 Canadian census revealed that between 2001 and 2006, Canada's foreign-born population increased by 13.6%. This was four times higher than the growth rate of 3.3% for the Canadian-born population during the same period (Statistics Canada 2007a). With over 150 years of experience with large scale immigration, Canada and other major immigrant receiving countries in the West, such as United States and Australia, pride themselves in their historical success of integrating foreign born immigrants. In the last 150 years, different generations of new comers have integrated successfully into the existing political system, just as they have integrated economically and socially, and have contributed enormously to the political, economic, and cultural development of their adopted new country. Today, however, there are growing signs that this historic prototype of successful integration of new comers in Western societies is at risk. While the principles of Western democratic systems encourage the full integration of diverse communities in their societies, the empirical studies consistently and persistently show an increasing portion of 2 new immigrants remain socially, politically, and economically marginalized from the main stream society. For example, a recent study by the Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) discloses that newly arrived visible-minority1 immigrants are slower to integrate into Canadian society than their white, European counterparts. They are less likely to identify themselves as "Canadian" and report more incidents of discrimination (Reitz and Banerjee 2007, 490). The 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey