Index A Autosomal recessive disorder. See Cystine stones; Absorptive hypercalcicuria , 35, 51 Cystinuria; 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine (DHA) ACA. See Affordable Health Care Act (ACA) stones Acetaminophen , 163, 165 Acetazolamide (Diamox) , 61, 81 Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) , 38, 126 B Acute kidney injury (AKI) , 154 Bacteriuria , 76 Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) , 39 Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) , 59, 71, 76, 94, 99, Adult stone disease , 79 140, 141, 150, 216 Afferent arterioles , 20 Beta agonists , 164–165 Affordable Health Care Act (ACA) Billing and coding process advantages , 236–237 coinsurance , 232 catastrophic coverage plan , 236 copay , 232–233 disadvantages , 237–238 CPT ® , 229–230 four metal tiers plans , 236 E & M services , 232 health care law , 235 global period fee , 230 health services , 235 ICD-9 codes , 229 impact of , 235 ICD-10 coding system , 229 AHA. See Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) modifi er , 230–232 ALARA (“As Low As Reasonably Achievable”) , 81 questionnaires , 233 Allopurinol (Zyloprim) , 52, 58, 64, 124 Bladder , 20 Aloe Vera , 184 exstrophy , 23, 24 Alpha-1 blockers , 76–77 function , 21 Alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (Alpha-MPG) , 58 overactive , 165, 178 American Society of Nephrology and the Endourological stones Society , 123 augmentation cystoplasty , 148–149 American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines in children , 80 diet therapies , 219 gender , 71 evaluation , 219 between prostate , 151 follow up , 219–220 symptoms , 27 pharmacologic therapies , 219 treatment , 27, 150 American Urological Association Meeting AUA (2014) , Urat-1, clinical device , 29 123 structure and location , 21–22 Ammonium acid urate calculi , 61, 70 surgical procedure Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) , 20 Greenlight™ laser ablation of prostate , 140–141 Antegrade progression , 92 open surgical cystotomy with stone Antibiotics , 38, 62, 120, 211 removal , 141 Anticholinergics , 156, 163–164 transurethral stone removal (cystolitholapaxy) , Anticoagulants , 120 139–140 Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) , 64 treatment , 139 Antimicrobial therapy , 38 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , 170, 172 Appendicitis , 3, 93, 207 Body mass index (BMI) , 64, 86 Aspirin , 63, 94, 119, 120, 130, 160, 162, 172 BPH. See Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Asymptomatic stone. See Incidental stones Bucillamine (Rimatil) , 58 Atkins diet , 195, 203–204 Bumetanide , 61 D.A. Schulsinger (ed.), Kidney Stone Disease: Say NO to Stones!, 241 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12105-5, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 242 Index C IV dye (contrast) , 105 Calcium , 35, 184 multiple non-contrast renal protocol , 104 Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones , 188 non contrast Calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) advantage and disadvantage , 105 composition and fragility , 46 patient indications , 104–105 fragility of stones , 144 right lower pole renal stone , 148 radiopaque , 46 Congenital anomalies , 81 shape, size and color , 37, 43–44 Cranberry , 184 urinary , 44 Creatinine (Cr) , 172 Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) , 36 Crixivan ® stones , 40, 62 composition and fragility , 46 Crohn’s disease , 71 radiopaque , 46 Crystallization , 178 shape, size and color , 44 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT® ) , 229–230 Calcium phosphate stones , 37 Cyclooxygenase (COX) , 162 radiopaque , 46 Cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) , 218 shape, size and color , 44, 45 Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine and Arginine (COLA) , 38 Calcium stones. See also Calcium oxalate Cystine stones , 35 dihydrate (COD); Calcium oxalate autosomal recessive inborn error , 38 monohydrate (COM) composition and fragility , 46 associated with obesity , 86 poorly radiopaque , 46 hypercalciuria , 35 prevalence of , 38 metabolic factors , 35 risk factor , 38 oxalate dihydrate , 35, 37 shape, size and color , 45–46 phosphate , 35, 37 treatment , 38–39 surgical therapy , 35 Cystinuria treatment , 36 metabolic and hereditary factors , 53–54 Calcium + Vitamin D 3 (OsCal) , 125 stone formation , 58 Cancer , 52 Cystoscope , 157 leukemia , 57 lymphoma , 57 metastatic , 172 D obesity-related conditions , 85 Darifenacin (Enablex) , 164 patient, ureteral stent in , 153 DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) prostate , 115 diet , 201–202, 209 Captopril , 58, 126 Dehydration , 51, 83, 175–178 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors , 61 Diabetes , 57 Cardiovascular disease , 71 Diabetic nephropathy , 100 Celebrex (celecoxib) , 58 Diarrhea , 6, 56, 59, 61, 64, 70, 124, 125, 175, 182, 197 Chelating agent , 54, 58 Diet. See also Dietary patterns Chemolysis , 38 kidney stones, infl uence of , 187 Chemotherapeutic agents , 63 Dietary factors Children with stones calcium oxalate stones , 188 composition , 80 condition in digestive tract , 191–192 inherited abnormality , 83 into digestive tract , 190–191 prevention , 82 high urinary calcium excretion , 188–190 risk factors , 80–81 high urinary oxalate excretion , 190 symptomatology , 81 low urinary citrate excretion , 192 treatment , 82 low urinary magnesium excretion , 192–193 types of , 79–80 calcium phosphate stones work-up , 81 high urinary calcium excretion , 195 Chlorthaladone , 124 low urinary citrate excretion , 194 Cholecystitis , 3 case study , 199 Cinnamon , 184 cystine stones , 196 Ciprofl oxacin , 62 diabetes , 196–197 Citric acid (Citrate) , 182–183 macular degeneration , 198 Colchicine , 58 malabsorption , 197 Complete ureteral duplication , 23 nutrition therapy, goals for , 187–188 Computed tompography (CT scan) osteoporosis , 197–198 Index 243 special medical situations , 196 kidney stone , 135 uric acid stones ureter stones , 138–139 high urinary uric acid excretion , 195 urinary stone treatment , 29–30 low (acid) urine pH , 195–196 urine volume ( see Hydration) Dietary patterns F lithogenic diets ( see Lithogenic diets) Flank pain/renal colic , 92 with lower risk of stones Flomax ® , 130 DASH diet , 201–202 Fluids Mediterranean diet , 202 consumption raw food diets , 203 kidney stone formation, prevention of , 179 vegetarian diet , 203 requirement for , 177–178 Weight Watchers diet , 202–203 timings , 178 Dietary supplements types of cautious about certain , 184 citrus based , 176 citric acid , 182–183 coffee , 177 magnesium , 181–182 food , 176 NSF® International seal , 184 soda , 177 Omega-3 fats , 183 tea , 177 potassium , 182 water , 176 pumpkin seeds , 183 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , 184 rose hips , 183 Furosemide , 61 safety , 183–184 USP® seal , 184 vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) , 183 G 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine (DHA) stones , 39 Gastric/duodenal ulcer , 3 radiolucent calculi , 46, 143 Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) , 5–6 Diuretics , 63 Gender , 73 Dornier Compact Delta II lithotripter , 135 age , 69 Dornier HM1 , 29 anatomical barrier , 71 D-Penicillamine , 125 bladder stones , 71 Drosphila melanogaster , 217 case study , 73 Dual-energy CT (DECT) , 215–216 diseases Dukan diet , 205 cardiovascular disease , 71 Crohn’s disease , 71 eating disorders , 70–71 E laxative abuse , 70 Ectopic kidney , 145, 146 osteoporosis , 71 Elderly with stones factors diagnosis , 83 post-menopause , 72 management , 83–84 during pregnancy , 72 prevalence , 83 vasectomy , 72 risk factors , 83 hormones , 72 Electrohydraulic lithotripter , 29–30 risk factors , 72 Electrohydrolic force , 77 statistics , 69 Endoscopy equipment , 141–142 stone types , 70 Endourology fellowship , 113, 114 symptoms , 70 Ephedrine , 62–63 Gerota’s Fascia , 20 Epididymitis , 208 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) , 184 Epispadias , 25 Gout , 57–58 Estrogen , 58, 72 Gross hematuria , 94 Ethylene glycol , 217 Guaifenesin stone , 63 Evaluation and management (E & M) services , 232 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) technique , 77 complication , 148 H lower pole stone , 147 Health care plan , 238–239 stone(s) fragment , 82 Hematuria , 173 surgical procedure Heterologous nucleation , 52 244 Index Horeshoe kidney , 147 Intractable pain , 62, 77, 92, 98, 116, 120, 156 Hounsfi eld units (HU) , 46 Intramural ureter , 92 24 hours urine test Intravenous Urography (IVU) , 106, 107 appropriate time for collecting , 170 determination of urine volume , 179 method , 171 J multiple factors on , 171–172 Jackson Pratt drains , 12 poor man’s , 171 preparation , 170–171 results , 171 K urine container , 170 Ketorolac , 163 “World Series” of urine tests , 170 Kidney Hydration , 129, 179 congenital anomalies fl uids intake ( see Fluids) horseshoe kidney , 22 goals , 178 renal ectopia , 23 management function , 20 fl uid by numbers , 179 retroperitoneum , 20 urine by colors , 178–179 structure and location , 20–21 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) , 51, 124 Kidney stones. See also Stones Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) , 161–162 in animal models , 216–217 Hydronephrosis , 92, 104, 105, 207 in children , 79–80 Hydroureteronephrosis , 75, 76, 81 management of Hydroxyapatite. See Calcium phosphate stones AUA guidelines for , 219–220 Hyperoxaluria , 35, 52–53, 125 imaging technology , 215–216 Hyperparathyroidism , 58, 172 new medications and probiotics , 217–218 Hypertension , 57, 61, 63, 83, 85, 126, 135, 165, 201, SDM , 216 202, 209 preventing formation of Hyperuricosuria , 35, 36 complimentary medicine ( see Dietary metabolic and hereditary factors , 52 supplements) stone formation , 59 nutrition recommendations ( see Dietary Hypocitraturia , 35, 51 factors) medical therapy , 124 robotic approaches , 218–219 metabolic and hereditary factors , 52 treatment options , 215 stone formation , 59 Klebsiella , 93 Hypospadias , 23–24 K. pneumonia , 38 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase KUB (Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder)