CULTURAL DRIVERS OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT TOR GHAR ABBAS HUSSAIN SHAH DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2015 HAZARA UNIVERSITY, MANSEHRA DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY CULTURAL DRIVERS OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT TOR GHAR BY ABBAS HUSSAIN SHAH This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment of requirements of PhD degree in Botany awarded by Hazara University, Mansehra Pakistan Mansehra Tuesday, June 16, 2015 CULTURAL DRIVERS OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT TOR GHAR SUBMITTED BY ABBAS HUSSAIN SHAH RESEARCH SUPERVISOR (DR. AZHAR HUSSAIN SHAH) Assistant Professor Department of Botany HazaraUniversity, Mansehra CO- SUPERVISOR (DR. SHUJA UL MULK KHAN) Assistant Professor Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2015 Dedication To My parents, Teachers, wife, children, brother and sister . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All glory be to Allah and blessings upon his last prophet Muhammmad (peace be upon him) and his pure family and sincere companions. First and foremost, I wish to express special gratitude to my research supervisor Dr. Azhar Hussain Shah for his intellectual support and cooperative attitude through out the study period. I am equally indebted to my co supervisor Dr. Shujah ul Mulk Khan for his logical discussions on my topic, helpful guidelines on the field work, data processing and analysis. I would like to express exceptional and extraordinary thanks to renowned scientist of the country Prof. Dr. Habib Ahmad, vice chancellor Hazara University for his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions. My thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Manzoor Hussain chairman department of Botany, Hazara University for his motivation and guidance. I am highly thankful to Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba shah senior faculty member of Botany department, Hazara University for sharing his research experiences. I can not forget many of my colleagues and friends like Mr. Abdul Majid lecturer in Botany Hazara University, Mr. Khalid Rashid and Mr. Muhammad Farooq lecturers in Botany Govt. College Mansehra, who have had a hand in the preparation of this peace of research work in present shape. Moral support of many of my well wishers like Prof. Saeed ul Haq, Prof. Abdul Majid, Prof. Syed Wajid Ali shah,Mr. Touqir IT engineer,Mr. Mujahid Hussain shah, Mr. Sher Muhammad, Mr. Sheraz Hussain Shah,Mr. Zubair Hussain Shah, Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Shah and Mr. Ijaz Hussain Shahremained a constant source of inspiration throughout this journey of exploration. It was my good fortune to have the dedicated help of staff members of Botany department of Hazara University, Dr. Jan Alam, Dr. Zafar Iqbal, Dr. Uzma Khan, Dr. Niaz Ali, Dr. Aftab,Dr. Faisal Noroz, Dr. Fayaz and Mr. Azhar Khan. I will not forget a figure without whom it would extremely difficult for me to achieve the goal of a supreme academic reward was Mr. Azhar Mehmood Chairman Bioinformatics department Govt. Post Graduate College Mandian Abbottabad, who remained with me during field visits of rugged and harsh mountaineous areas of Tor Ghar. i Dr. Abdul Nasir T.B specialist and Dr. Ismaeel ENT specialists Battagram are highly acknowledged for facilitating my stay in the Tor Ghar. I express my deepest feelings and gratitude to Mr. Hanif shah (R) DFO for providing necessary documents and suggestions. I warmly thanks the indigenous tribes of district Tor Ghar for allowing me to their settlements and Hujras for interviews and group discussions and also for their hospitality and guidance durig field visits. I am highly grateful to all government departments of the district Tor Ghar for extending every possible cooperation during this study. Last, but not the least, a word of thanks goes to my parents whose untiring efforts and prayers have placed me in the present position, to my wife and my children, who always made time available and gave me constant moral support. However, my little kid Annus Ali Shah missed me during the study and remained angry for not giving him proper attention. (Abbas Hussain Shah) ii CONTENTS CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1 1.1 Biodiversity ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Culture ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Relationship between Human culture and Biodiversity .............................. 3 1.4 Ethnobotany ........................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Ecosystem Services and Plant Biodiversity .................................................... 6 1.5.1 Drivers of change in Ecosystem Services ............................................. 7 1.5.2 Cultural Drivers ....................................................................................... 8 1.6 Study Area ........................................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Geography .................................................................................................. 9 1.6.2 Geology, Rocks and Soil ......................................................................... 12 1.6.3 Land Cover Classes ................................................................................. 13 1.6.4 Climate ...................................................................................................... 14 1.6.5 Forests..........................................................................................................14 1.6.6 Livestock and Rangeland ....................................................................... 17 1.6.7 Agriculture System .................................................................................. 18 1.6.8 Land ownership and Tenancy Traditions ............................................ 19 1.6.9 Demography............................................................................................ 20 1.6.10 Torghar Tribes ........................................................................................ 21 1.6.11 Norms and Traditions ........................................................................... 21 1.6.12 Education ................................................................................................ 22 1.6.13 Health ...................................................................................................... 23 iii 1.7 Rationale of the study ...................................................................................... 24 1.8 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER -2 MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………… 27 2.1 Randomized Selection .................................................................................. ...27 2.2 Tools of Collecting Data .................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Field Visits ................................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Household Survey ................................................................................... 29 2.2.3 Group Discussion: Ethnobotanical Participatory Appraisal (EPA)...29 2.2.4 Interviews ................................................................................................. 30 2.2.5 Direct Observations ................................................................................. 31 2.2.6 Collection of Secondary Data..................................................................31 2.2.7 Informants Response ............................................................................... 32 2.3 How interviews conducted ............................................................................ 32 2.4 Preparation of check list of culturally significant plants ............................ 35 2.5 Quantification of Data ..................................................................................... 35 2.5.1 Cultural Importance Index ( CI). ........................................................... 35 2.5.2 Mean Cultural Importance Index (m CI) ............................................. 36 2.5.3 Cultural importance of families (CIF) .................................................. 36 2.5.4 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)..........................................................36 2.6 Assesment of Conservation Status..................................................................37 2.6.1 Scale for IUCN Categories......................................................................39 2.7 Data Analysis......................................................................................................39 2.7.1 Analysis of checklist.................................................................................39 iv 2.7.2 MS EXCEL..................................................................................................40 2.7.3 Use of CANACO........................................................................................40 2.7.4 DCA........................................................................................................... 40 2.7.5 TWCA....................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER- 3 RESULTS……………………………………………………………….42 3.1 Qualitative Ethnobotany....................................................................................42 3.2 Cultural uses operating as cultural drivers of ethnoflora