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University Microfilms IX Education Company CIANCI, William Howe, 1944- CARL McINTIRE: A STUDY OF HIS PHILOSOPHY AND USE OF THE MASS MEDIA. The Ohio State Ifiiiversity, Ph.D., 1972 Speech ! University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 WILLIAM HOWE CIANCI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. CARL McINTIRE: A STUDY OF HIS PHILOSOPHY AND DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by William Kowe Cianci, B.A..M.S.J. The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My debt for assistance in this work is great. I am deeply grateful to Dr. James L. Golden for his guidance and criticism throughout the preparation of this study. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. Joseph M. Foley whose helpful criticism of the manuscript facilitated the completion of this study. I also wish to acknowledge the encouragement and helpful suggestions given me by Dr. John J. Clarke, Paul S. Underv;ood, and Dr. Galen R. Rarick. Recognition is also given to the valuable assistance of Charles Baker, Director of tlie Institute for American Democracy, and Wesley McCune, Director of Group Research, My indebtedness also extends to Dr. William E. Hall and Mr. Thomas F. Gaumer without whose financial assistance this study would have been impossible. This gratitude also includes Mrs. Anna Lauritsen, Journalism Librarian, whose kindness and generosity of time has been of great help in my studies. Finally, I should like to thank Dr. Carl Miclntire and Miss Rose Trato for the interview granted me and for their overall cooperation in this venture. August 31, 1944 Born, New Britain, Connecticut 1966 B.A., Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island 1968 M.S.J., Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 1968-1971 Teaching Associate in Speech, Department of Speech, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Studies in Rhetoric and Public Address. Professor James L. Golden Studies in Communication. Professor Franklin H. Knower Studies in Radio and Television. Professors Walter B. Emery, Joseph M. Foley, and Richard M. Mall Studies in Journalism. Professors John J. Clarke, Galen R. Rarick, Paul S. Underwood, Loyal Gould Studies in Political Science. Professors C. Richard Hofstetter, Gene E. Rainey Studies in History. Professor Robert H. Bremner TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... VITA ................................. .. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................ II. THE COMMUNICATOR; CARL McINTIRE — MAKER OF SCHISMS ........................ 17 III. FUNDAMENTALISM — AN OVERVIEW............ 41 A. The Movement Prior to 1945 B. Post-War Emergence of the Far Right C. The Audience 1. Mclntire's Twentieth Century Reformation Movement: Some Characteristics of His Followers 2. The Conspiratorial Mind IV. THE MESSAGE: STRATEGY OF PERSUASION IN CONVEYING THE MESSAGE.................... An Analysis of an Agitator Themes and Techniques of the Agitator Employed by Mclntire Portrait of an Agitator Structure of Mclntire's Broadcasts THE CHANNEL. Two Theories of the Press 1. The Libertarian Theory 2. The Social Responsibility Theory Mclntire's Philosophy of the Media 1. His View of the Media as a Social Force 2. Mclntire"s Conflict with the FCC Chapter Page THE FAIRNESS DOCTRINE AND THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORY OF THE PRESS . 266 A. Introduction B. Public Interest, Convenience, or Necessity C. The Fairness Doctrine D. Early Legislative History: Its Origin and Development E. Mayflower to 1949 F. The Editorializing Report of 1949 G. After 1949 McINTIRE VS. THE FCC; THE WXUR CASE A. Introduction B. Nature of the Case C. The Issues History of the Case Conclusion CONCLUSION . 493 bibliography 532 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Freedom is everybody's business. Your business, my business, the church's business. And the man who will not use his freedom to defend his freedom... does not deserve his freedom. Amen.^ Ladies and gentlemen, Italy has recognized Red China. The United Nations and the foundations in it are beginning to crumble as far as recognition of Red China is concerned. And Nationalist China ...our friend...is going to lose its position in the United Nations. .’.And the nations of the world are ready to appease the Communists. And the idea seems to be that if they are nice to Red China may­ be Red China will be nice to the world. It's a fallacious and erroneous position and all in the world the Communists are doing are getting their gains and strengthening their position throughout the world so that they can take over and make this a Communist world. I can say to you without any reservations it is in my judgement that the weak­ ness of our own country is this whole matter of standing up to communism which is responsible... for what is happening now with the advancements and recognition now being given to Red China.^ If you listen to this broadcast...you'll get some­ thing of the joy the believer has...you'11 get something of our love for righteousness and truth and honor; you'll get something of our commitment to freedom and the great cause of liberty, freeing broadcast. ^Carl Mclntire, Twentieth Century Reformation Hour Broadcast, May 16, 1967. men from sin, freeing men from superstition, freeing men from delusions, freeing men from darkness, freeing men from slavery, freeing men from tyranny.^ Well, I've got the documentation that she [Bernadette Devlin] is a Marxist, that she is a revolutionary. They're going to win the world for communism and you're sitting out there like a bunch of dummies and ignoramuses and you don't care; you're not going to stand up there and fight. Oh my dear friend, what is wrong with my country. What is wrong with you dear people. We've just had a political campaign in this country and the great issue ought to have been the winning of the war and the bringing of the boys home. No, they were played down...We've got to win! We've got to win! And the Com­ munists said they're going to win and they will unless we stop them.^ This radio broadcaster has his honest suspicions. And I have a right to them. And every last one of you better wake up and realize what's happening. Mow you just wait a little while. A lot of things are going to come out.^ Someone has to go out and command the nation and lift the banner and let's do it for victory. These are samples of the substance and style of the messages of Dr. Carl Mclntire conveyed over his radio program and through his newspaper. They represent many voices : Mclntire the commentator surveying current events— political, social, economic, and religious; •^Ibid. ^ Ibid. ^Carl Mclntire, Twentieth Century Reformation Hour Broadcast, May 16, 1967. Ibid. 3 Mclntire the proselytizer, exhorting, reviling, rebuking his followers to heed his word— which he claims is the in­ fallible word of God— to cleanse America, exalt righteous­ ness, and return the nation to its former role of defender of liberty and freedom; and Mclntire the agitator, the wailing voice of discontent, asking people to follow him in his quest to reform society. But basically they con­ stitute the voice of Mclntire the advocate, seeking to influence public opinion and engineer consent for his social philosophy. Carl Mclntire is a complex figure, a man of many roles. His strident activities over the past forty years have made him a most controversial person in religion, and more recently, in politics. And it is his mixture of these two areas, a practice displeasing to many Americans, that has thrust Mclntire into prominence. Mclntire is a religious Fundamentalist. Briefly, Fundamentalism is a form of Protestant belief that holds the Bible to be the source of all knowledge. It expresses a belief in the literal interpretation of the Bible and its verbal inerrancy, and it calls for a return to what it considers fundamental Christian values.