Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 21 (1): 35–58. May 30, 2015. The Family Nosodendridae (Coleoptera: Derodontoidea) of Japan and Taiwan Hiroyuki YOSHITOMI1), Toshio KISHIMOTO2)* and Chi-Feng LEE3) 1)Ehime University Museum, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan E-mail: [email protected] 2)Japan Wildlife Research Center, Koutoubashi 3-3-7, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8606 Japan * Present address: Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, Ooya 5762, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8017 Japan 3)Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 189 Chung-Cheng Road, Wufeng 41362, Taichung, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Japanese and Taiwanese species of the genus Nosodendron is revised. The genus is subdivided into two subgenera: Nosodendron and Dendrodipnis. Four species are recognized, including two new species, Nosodendron (D.) ogasawaraense and N. (D.) taiwanense, described in this paper. The larvae of three species, N. (N.) asiaticum, N. (D.) coenosum, and N. (D.) ogasawar- aense, are described. Key words: new species, larvae, distribution, associated plants, filter feeding. Introduction recorded (Háva, 2014), and the adults and larvae of these species had not been reviewed. In the present paper, we The adaptation to aquatic habitats by members of review the Japanese and Taiwanese species of the genus Coleoptera evolved independently in some clades, and Nosodendron, with biological notes and descriptions of the there are various degrees of adaptation (Jäch, 1998). The larval stages. families of water beetles (= water adapted beetles) are known from three suborders: Myxophaga (all families), Adephaga Materials and Methods (mainly Dytiscoidea), and Polyphaga (part of the family in Hydrophiloidea, Byrrhoidea, Scirtoidea, and so on). In General observations and dissections were made under the derivative group of Polyphaga (i.e., Tenebrionoidea, a Leica MZ95 stereomicroscope. Microstructures of the Chrysomeroidea, and “Cucujioidea”), whose members are dissected parts were studied in pure glycerine under an mostly phytophagy, saprophagy, mycophagy, and detritophagy, Olympus BH-2 compound microscope. After observation, aquatic adaptation is rare except for aquatic plant feeders. the dissected parts were mounted on the same card with the The family Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) specimen. Photographs (Figs. 1, 9, 10) were taken under a inhabits tree sap, and contains 82 species under three genera Leica MZ95 and combined in Helicon® Focus ver. 4.70.5 Pro from all over the world (Háva, 2005, 2014). The genus (Helicon Soft® Limited). Some structures were observed with Nosoglobulus Háva, 2003 includes 3 species from the Oriental a SEM (Hitachi S-225), after coating with gold (Figs. 2–6), Region, the genus Nosotetocus Scudder, 1892 includes 3 fossil and a digital microscope HiROX KH-1300, and images were species from the Miocene in Colorado, and the remaining captured with the 2D measurement software SHX-13M ver. Nosodendron is the most diverse genus (75 present and 1 2.9.0 (Fig. 11). fossil species) distributed in all zoogeographical Region. Morphological terminology follows Leschen & Beutel Considering their habitat (tree sap and slime flux), the family (2010), Lawrence (1991), and Kiselyova & McHugh (2006). adapts to a kind of aquatic habitat, but there are few studies of its behavior and morphology. BPBM: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii The phylogenetic positions of the family Nosodendridae EUMJ: Ehime University Museum, Matsuyama, Japan and superfamily Derodontoidea are uncertain. Based on KUMJ: Kyushu University Museum, Japan the phylogenetic analysis of the adult morphology, Beutel NSMT: National Science Museum, Tsukuba (1996) showed this family is a sister group of the family TARI: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Derodontidae. Lawrence et al. (2011), analyzing numerous Taiwan characters of the adults and larvae, showed this family has TUAJ: Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan Morphological abbreviations used in the measurements a sister group relationship with the superfamily Scirtoidea are as follows: EL — length of elytra in suture; EW — (excluding Clambidae), and this group plus Derodontidae are maximum width of elytra; HL — length of head; PL — situated in the basal clade of Tenebrionoidea + Cucujoidea length of pronotum in median line; PW — maximum width + Chrysomeloidea + Curculionidae. Also, molecular of pronotum; TL — total length (HL+PL+EL). The average is phylogenetic studies could not clarify the taxonomic status given in parentheses after the range. of Nosodendridae in the suborder Polyphaga. The family was situated in the basal-most taxon in Polyphaga except for Derodontoidea, Scirtoidea and Historoidea (Hunt et al., 2007), Systematics or showed a sister group relationship with Scarabaeoidea Genus Nosodendron Latreille, 1804 (Bocak et al., 2014). From Japan and Taiwan, two Nosodendron species were Nosodendron Latreille, 1804: 146. ––– Háva, 2014: 14 [world Ⓒ Japanese Society of Systematic Entomology 36 Yoshitomi, H., T. Kishimoto and C.-F. Lee Fig. 1. Dorsal habitus of Nosodendron spp. A, N. (N.) asiaticum; B, N. (D.) coenosum; C, N. (D.) ogasawaraense (holotype); D, N. (D.) taiwanense (holotype). Scales = 1.0 mm. May 30, 2015, JJSE 21 (1) Nosodendridae of Japan and Taiwan 37 Fig. 2. SEM photographs of Nosodendron (N.) asiaticum. A–C, Elytra; D–F, pronotum. catalogue]. Other synonyms see Zahradník & Háva convex dorsally, flattened ventrally, slightly to strongly (2014). Type species: Shaeridium fasciculare Olivier, shining. Coloration of body generally black. Dorsal surface 1790. covered with short erect setae or glabrous, with setal patches in the subgenus Nosodendron. Additional diagnosis. Close description of the family Gena with shallow concavity covered with short setae (Fig. Nosodendridae and the genus Nosodendron see Ivie (2002) 4A, C). Labrum (Fig. 8A, B) free, transverse, front margin and Leschen & Beutel (2010) for the adults, and Beutel (1996), straight (Fig. 8A) or shallowly concave (Fig. 8B). Mandibles Ge et al. (2007), Hayes & Chu (1946), Lawrence (1991) and (Fig. 8G, H) almost symmetrical, subtriangular, with pointed Leschen & Beutel (2010) for the larvae. apical tooth and small and obtuse subapical tooth. Maxillae Adults. Body hemispherical to oblong-oval, strongly (Fig. 8C, D) with 3-segmented short maxillary palpi. Labium May 30, 2015, JJSE 21 (1) 38 Yoshitomi, H., T. Kishimoto and C.-F. Lee Fig. 3. SEM photographs of Nosodendron (Dendrodipnis) taiwanense sp. nov. (A, B, D, E) and N. (D.) ogasawaraense sp. nov. (C, F). A, Pronotum and its punctures (D); B, C, elytra and its punctures (E, F). (Fig. 8E, F) deeply excised at front margin, with 2-segmented Elytra punctate sparsely to closely, lacking any maculations labial palpi. Mentum (Fig. 6) large, trapezoidal, subparallel- and striae, with plectrum (Fig. 4D–F) in humeral part of inner sided (Fig. 6B–D) or contracted in apical 1/3 (Fig. 6A), surface. Hind wings well deveroped; venation as shown in covered with large and shallow punctures (Fig. 6E, F), with Fig. 7B, C; flight activity present (see biological notes of each special concavities in some species (e.g., Yoshitomi, 2013b). species) or absent (Leschen & Beutel, 2010). Mesoventrite Antennae (Figs. 4B, 7A, C) relatively short, 11-segmented; (Fig. 5F) with deep median impression for reception of segments IX–XI forming club, closely covered with prosternal process. Legs (Fig. 5E) short and flat. Fore legs recumbent short setae. Scutellar shield small, triangular. received to excavation of hypomeron; mid legs received to May 30, 2015, JJSE 21 (1) Nosodendridae of Japan and Taiwan 39 Fig. 4. SEM photographs of Nosodendron (Dendrodipnis) ogasawaraense sp. nov. A, Head in ventral view; B, antenna; C, genal concavity; D, humeral part of right elytron in ventral aspect; E, inner surface of elytron and its close up (F). depression in anterior part of epipleuron; hind legs received to Tergites IX–X slightly sclerotized, small. Sternite IX long. depressions in abdominal ventrites I–II. Abdominal ventrites Aedeagus trilobite type, rather flat dorsally and ventrally; (Fig. 5A–D) microcuticulate, closely covered with deep apical parts of parameres having 1–4 short setae (“apical punctures bearing short setae; anterior margin of each segment setae” in Yoshitomi, 2013b). arranged deep notches (Fig. 5B, D). Female genitalia. Sternite VIII well sclerotized, with long Sexual dimorphism in external feature indistinct. and slender speculum ventral. Tergite VIII well sclerotized, Male genitalia. Tergite VIII well sclerotized, semicircular. semicircular. Ovipositor with short or long paraproct. Sternite VIII moderately sclerotized, with V-shaped strut. Larvae. Body (Fig. 9) elongate, flattened in ventral part, May 30, 2015, JJSE 21 (1) 40 Yoshitomi, H., T. Kishimoto and C.-F. Lee Fig. 5. SEM photographs of Nosodendron (Dendrodipnis) ogasawaraense (A, B, E, F) and N. (D.) taiwanense sp. nov. (C, D). A, C, Abdominal ventrites and their close up (B, D); E, fore leg in dorsal aspect:; F, meso- and metaventrites. well sclerotized dorsally and slightly sclerotized ventrally, dorsal portion; spiracles of abdominal segment VIII moved covered with granules forming specific and irregular patterns to apex. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 10B, D, F) triangular, (Figs. 9, 10); most of granule bearing short setae (Fig. 11D); tapering posteriorly, with one or two pairs of projections in granules situated near spiracles bearing pectinate short setae