SIR BANISTER FLETCHER'S A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTU TWENTIETH EDITION EDITED BY DAN CRUICKSHANK Consultant Editors ANDREW SAINT PETER BLUNDELL JONES KENNETH FRAMPTON Assistant Editor FLEUR RICHARDS ARCHITECTURAL PRESS \ CONTENTS ! List of Contributors ix I Sources of Illustrations xi I Preface xxiii I Introduction xxv I Part One The Architecture of Egypt, the Ancient Near East, Asia, Greece and the Hellenistic i Kingdoms 1 1 1 Background 3 I 2 Prehistoric 29 I I 3 Egypt I 4 The Ancient Near East I 5 Early Asian Cultures 6 Greece 153 I 7 The Hellenistic Kingdoms I 4 I Part Two The Architecture of Europe and the Mediterranean to the Renaissance 1 8 Background - 9 Prehistoric 10 Rome and the Roman Empire 11 The Byzantine Empire h I 12 Early Russia 13 Early Mediaeval and Romanesque 1 14 Gothic vi CONTENTS Part Three The Architecture of Islam 15 Background 16 Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian 17 Architecture of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates 18 Local Dynasties of Central Islam and Pre-Moghul India 19 Safavid Persia, the Ottoman Empire and Moghul India 20 Vernacular Building and the Paradise Garden Part Four The Architecture of the Pre-Colonial Cultures outside Europe 2 1 Background 22 Africa 23 The Americas 24 China 25 Japan and Korea 26 Indian Subcontinent 27 South-east Asia Part Five The Architecture of the Renaissance and Post-Renaissance in Europe and Russia 28 Background 29 Italy 30 France, Spain and Portugal 31 Austria, Germany and Central Europe 32 The Low Countries and Britain 33 Russia and Scandinavia 34 Post-Renaissance Europe Part Six The Architecture of the Colonial and Post-colonial Periods outside Europe 1159 35 Background 1161 36 Africa 1171 37 The Americas 1193 CONTENTS 38 China 39 Japan and Korea 40 South-east Asia 41 Indian Subcontinent 42 Australasia Part Seven The Architecture of the Twentieth Century 43 Background 44 Western Europe 1900 to 1945 45 Western Europe since 1945 46 Eastern Europe 47 Russia and the Soviet Union 48 Middle East I 49 Africa 50 North America 1900 to 1950 I 51 North America since 1950 ~ 52 Latin America 53 China I 54 Japan and Korea 55 South-east Asia 56 Hong Kong I 57 Indian Subcontinent 58 Oceania i Bibliography I Glossary Index INDEX Page references in italics are to illustrations Individual buildings are indexed under identifiable names where appropriate and also generally under location (e.g. town) A. T. Stewart Store, New York 1220 Accademia, Venice 1394 architectural character 665 Aachen, Cathe& see Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral Accra building resources 656 Aalhorg, Museum 1397 Christianshorg Castle housing 1472, I473 building techniques 660 Aalto, Alvar 1319, 1369, 1397 house development 1180 churches 669-70 abacus (part of capital) 112 Industrial Development Corporation 1472 culture 652 Abadie, Paul 1094, 1143 Technical Institute 1474 domestic buildings 665-7 Abbasid Caliphs 566, 586 Achabal, gardens 632 history 640-41 Abbasid Palace, Baghdad 588 Acland Burghley School, London-,1383 monuments 670 Ahbaye-aux-Dames, Caen 371, 372 acro-necropolis,Mostar 1425 mosques 669 Ahbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen 370,371, 372,443 Acropolis 121, 122-3 palaces and chiefs' dwellings 667-8 Ahheville, S. Wulfram 444,446 Chalkotheke 13 1 religious buildings 668-70 Abbey Church Sanctuary of Artemis 131 shrines 668 Banz 985 Temple of Athena Nike 127, 146 temples 669 Einsiedeln 983 see also Erechtheion; Pahenon; PropyLaea traditional building techniques revival 1477-8, G~ssau989 Adam, Robert 1012, 1049, 1052 1480, 1482 Onobeuren 992 Adam Thoroughgood House, Xrginia Beach, Afridar Civic Centre, Ashkelon 1460 Ron am Inn 992 Virginia 1195 Afuera Hospital of San Juan Bautista, Toledo 963, S. Florian 983 Adam, William 1046 964 S. Gall 992 Adamson, Prof. James 1184 Aga Khan Platinum Jubilee Hospital, Kenya 1471 Abbey Dore, Herefordshire 478,487 Addington Hospital, Durban 1189 Agadir Ahbiategrasso, S. Maria 860 Addison, Rex 1668 City Hall 1474 Abelia Condominium, Singapore 1598, 1599 Adelaide Groupe Scolaire 1474 Abercromhie House see Mount Pleasant, New South Botanic Hotel 1286, I287 Palace of Justice 1474 Wales city planning 1281 Post Office 1474 Aherdeenshire, Fyvie Castle 1022 Edmund Wright House 1303, I305 RadionV Station 1474 Aheygunawardene Walauwa Galle, Sri Lanka 1261 Festival Centre 1653, 1655 schools 1474 Ahgineh Museum of Glass and Ceramics, Tehran S. Peter's Cathedral 1295 Agg, James 1265 1457 Adelcrantz, Carl Frederik 1076 Aght'amar, Church of the Holy Cross 314, 315 Abhayadana Temple, near Pagan 790, 791 Adelphi, London 1049 Agliate, S. Pietro 353, 356 Abidin House, Jakarta 1604 Adinatha Temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan 760, 761-2 Agnano, Baths 1335 Abidin, Ismeth 1604 Adler, Dankmar 1220 agora 19 Abidjan, SCIAM Ministry of Finance 1472 Adolf Sommerfeld houses, Berlin-Dahlem 1332 Athens 145, 147, 148 Abingdon Town Hall,-Berkshire 823 Adrianapolis see Edime Miletus 158 ablaq technique 616 Adriatica Building, Madrid 1397 Priene 158 Abraham Ackerman House, Hackensack, New Jersey aedicules 755, 758 Agra 1198 components 766, 767 Akbar the Great Tomb, Sikandra 621, 623 Ahramovitz, Max 1517 Dravida 770, 774 Diwai-i-Am 626, 628 Ahreu, Francisco Pinto de 1210 facade 898 Diwan-i-Khas 628 Ahtan House, Mdesh 1480 Nagara 763, 766 Itimad ud-Daula mausoleum 621 Ahteilberg Museum, Monchengladhach 1367, 1368 AEG Turbine Hall, Berlin 1330 Jehangr Mahal 620 - Abu Dulaf Mosque, Samarra 587, 588 Aegeae see Vergina Moti Masjid 624 Abu Nasr Parsa Shrine, Bakh 610 Aegina, Temple of Aphaia 114, 134,135, 136 Mughal Sheraton Hotel 1642 Abu Sarga, Deir Bahlun 579 Aeolic form 14, 119 Red Fort 620,782 Abu S'fein, Cairo 579 Afghanistan Taj Mahal625, 626, 627, 628, 632 Abu Simbel, Great and Small Temples 60, 62 Bamiyam complex 750 Agricultural Polytechnic (Academic Building), Ahuja, proposed new capital 1480 physical characteristics 639 JBneda 1442, 1444 Ahusir, Sahura Pyramid 53 pre-colonial period 636-7 Agrigento, Post Office 1336 Academy of Architecture, Berlin 997 culture 655 Aguada church, Goa 1257 Academy of Architecture, Russia 1438 history 649 Agzigharahan caravanserai 605 Academy of Art, Rio de Janeiro 1219 Africa Ahar, settlement 102 Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen 835 1900-1945 developments 1313-14, 1466 Ahmadabad, Gujamt Academy of Fine Arts, S. Petershurg 835, 1065, coastal forts 1171, 1175 city planning 781 1068,1069 Colonial period plans 1177 havelis 786 Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna 835 Colonial and post-Colonial period, history 1161-3 Ahmedabad Academy of Mines, S.Petersburg 1072, 1073 map 11 72 Atira Staff Housing Project 1639 Academy of S. Luke, Rome 830 ptiysical characteristics 637 Calico Museum of Textiles 1642 Academy of Sciences, S. Petersburg 1068, 1071 post-independence developments 1471-7 Entrepreneurship Development Institute 1634, acanthus moulding 116 preColonial period 635 1635 1731 INDEX Ahmedabad - continued AlcalA de Henares, University facade 961, 962 Alpulu Bridge, Edime 616 Gandhi Institute of Labour Studies 1635, I636 Alcbar, Segovia 530,534 Altdorf, Federal Grain Store 1335 Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Sabannati Ashram Alcazar, Seville 599 Altes Museum, Berlin 995, 997, 1092 1628 Alcbar, Toledo 964,966 Altgelt, Carlos A. 1219 Indian Institute of Management (IIM) 1632, 1634 Alcobaga, monastery 531 Altintepe, palace 89, 91, 92 Mill Owners' Association Building 1625, 1627 Alcock, Jimmy 1546, 1549 Altis, Olympia I32 Navrangura School of Architecture 1631 ~l2ing(New Farm), Grayswood, Surrey 1351 Alton East Estate, Roehampton 1380 Premabhai Hall, Teen Danvaza 1630, 1631 Aldunate, Miguel 1225 Alton West Estate, Roehampton 1380 Sangath 1635, 1636 Aleijadinho see Lishoa, AntBnio Francisco Altug 1451 Ahrends, Steffen 1470 Aleotti, Giovanni Battista 898 Altun Ha, Structure B-4 680, 682 Ahrensburg, tent site 214 Aleppo AI'Ubaid, settlement 37 Ahungalla, Triton Hotel 1642 al-Firdaus Madrassa 590 Alvord Lake Bridge, Golden Gate Park, San Ahwaz Barbican to the Citadel 591 Francisco 1226 Jondi-shapour University beehive village 631 Amahilis, Manuel 1534 housing 1456 mosque 590 Amalienhorg Palace, Copenhagen 1080, 1082 Mosque 1456 Alessandria, Borsalino workers housing 1391 Amandari Resort, Bali 1604 Ai Khanum, city 574 Alessi, Galeazzo 887 Amanusa Resort, Bali 1604 Aichel, Johann Blasius Santini 976, 985 Alexander the Great 12, 15, 636, 645 Amaravati, stupa 748 Aigues-Mortes 452 Alexanderplatz, Berlin 1380 Amasya, Beyazit Pasha Mosque 613 Aihole Alexandra Hotel, Durban 1189 Amba Deep Towers, Delhi 1635, I638 alpa vimana 770 Alexandra Road housing, London 1382 Ambalagonda church, Sri Lanka 1261 cave temples 758, 770, 772 Alexandria Ambamatha temple, Jagat 768,769 Durga temple 779 early development 562,563 Amber, Shish Mahal782, 785 hall temples 774, 779 Temple to Serapis 155 Amber palace, Rajasthan 782 Lad Khan temple 779 Alexandria Oxiana 574 ambulatories 345 Latina temples 765 Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Fagus Boot Factory 1330 American Express Tower, Sydney 1650, 1652 Ravalaphadi cave 758 Alford House, London 1134, 1135 American Hotel, Amsterdam 1355 Aillaud, Emil 1372 Algeciras Market 1365 American International Assurance Building, E~ala Ain Mallaha, houses 30.32 Algeria Lumpur 1600,1601 Airavateshvara temple, Darasuram 773, 774 Citie Moderne Exhibition 1933 1470 American University, Cairo 1470 airship hangers, Orly Airport 1327 kasbahs 632 Americas Alt B& ~a>don.~;roc;o 630 Algerian Pavilion, Colonial Exposition 1931 1470 Colonial period, buildings examples 1195-1210 .AIx-la-Chaoelle. Cathedral 373. 375. 379 Algiers Colonial,and post-Colonial period Aix-les-~Lns,solarium 1329 Cathedral 1473, 1474 architectural character