This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Reduplication in Malay Nur Hairiana Alikamal. 2012 Nur, H. A. (2012). Reduplication in Malay. Final year project report, Nanyang Technological University. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/95407 Nanyang Technological University Downloaded on 25 Sep 2021 23:48:07 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Reduplication in Malay HG499 Final Year Project Name: Nur Hairiana Bte Alikamal Matriculation No: U0930391K Supervisor: František Kratochvíl Date of Submission: November 19, 2012 A Final Year Project submitted to the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics & Multilingual Studies 2012 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library II Declaration of Authorship I declare that this assignment is my own original work, unless otherwise referenced, as defined by the NTU policy on plagiarism. I have read the NTU Honour Code and Pledge. No part of this Final Year Project has been or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any other university. I certify that the data collected for this project is authentic. I fully understand that falsification of data will result in the failure of the project and/or failure of the course. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Name Signature Date ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library III Acknowledgements Above all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my academic advisor, Professor František Kratochvíl, who has continually given me valuable support, encouragement and guidance throughout the course of this project. His thoughtful comments, and expertise in research and scholarship have been extremely helpful towards the completion of this study. This experience was an amazing learning journey, to which I have gained invaluable knowledge and attained a deeper understanding of the Malay language. This project would not be made possible without the team behind the Malay Concordance Project, who had allowed the use of its resources for studies in Classical Malay literature. I would also like to express my gratitude to my family and friends, for their unceasing encouragement and support. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library IV Table of Contents Acknowledgements....................................................................................................III Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... IV List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ VI List of Tables ............................................................................................................. VI Abstract.....................................................................................................................VII 1 Introduction......................................................................................................1 2 Reduplication In a Typological Perspective ..................................................2 2.1 Full reduplication ................................................................................................2 2.2 Partial reduplication............................................................................................4 2.3 Imitative reduplication.........................................................................................6 2.4 Summary...............................................................................................................8 3 Semantic Effects of Reduplication..................................................................9 3.1 Reduplication of Nouns........................................................................................9 3.2 Reduplication of Verbs...................................................................................... 11 3.3 Summary.............................................................................................................12 4 Classical Malay...............................................................................................13 4.1 Current Study .....................................................................................................13 4.2 Story of Chronicle, of the Five Pandawa (Hikayat Pandawa Lima) ................ 14 4.3. Story of Chronicle, of Seri Rama (Hikayat Seri Rama) ....................................14 4.4. Story of Chronicle, of Iskandar Zulkarnain (Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain)....15 5 Results and Analysis ......................................................................................16 5.1 Nouns .................................................................................................................16 5.1.1 Functions of full lexical reduplication in nouns .....................................16 5.1.2 Functions of RED + suffix –an in nouns...................................................20 5.1.3 Summary..................................................................................................23 5.2 Verbs ..................................................................................................................24 5.2.1 Functions of full lexical reduplication in verbs ......................................24 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library V 5.2.2 Functions of ber-RED in verbs .................................................................25 5.2.3 ber-RED vs. ber-RED-an...........................................................................28 5.2.4 Functions of meN-RED in verbs ...............................................................30 5.2.5 Functions of ter-RED in verbs .................................................................32 5.2.5 Summary..................................................................................................33 6 Conclusion.......................................................................................................34 Appendix A (Nouns)...................................................................................................35 Appendix B (Verbs) ...................................................................................................43 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................51 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library VI List of Abbreviations 2 Second Person NEG Negation 3 Third Person PL Plural AV Active Voice RECIP Reciprocal CL Classifier SG Singular EMP Emphatic EMP Emphatic HIZ Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain POSS Posessive HPL Hikayat Pandawa Lima PREP Preposition HSR Hikayat Seri Rama UV Undergoer Voice MID Middle MID Middle List of Tables Table 1: Summary of full, partial and imitative reduplication in nouns Table 2: Frequency of RED in nouns and its frequency of use in Modern Malay Table 3: RED-AN nouns and the frequency of use in Modern Malay Table 4: ber-RED verbs, types, and frequency of use in Modern Malay Table 5: ber-RED-AN verbs, types, and frequency of use in Modern Malay Table 6: meN-RED verbs and frequency of use in Modern Malay Table 7: ter-RED verbs and frequency of use in Modern Malay ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library VII Abstract Although Austronesian languages are recognized for utilizing reduplication, no studies have been done on reduplication in Classical Malay. This study examines the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of reduplicated nouns and verbs in Classical Malay literature from the 1500s. It is also the first study of its kind to offer a diachronic perspective in the use of reduplication in Classical Malay and Modern Malay. Authentic Classical Malay texts – HPL, HSR and HIZ – from the Malay Concordance Project was used, and reduplicated words found in these texts were rated using a 5-point rating system. This rating system was based on my own language judgment and instinct, and assessed according to the language environment in Singapore. The findings show that reduplication in nouns mark only diversity in Classical Malay, but this semantic value has expanded to mark both diversity as well as plurality in Modern Malay. There was also a lesser use of RED[N]-AN due to the analogical pressure of full reduplication in nouns. The shift in function for RED[N]-AN in Modern Malay is also significant, and now marks adverbial and adjectival meanings. However, only semantic values of nouns are stifled; the semantic values of verbs remain mostly the same in Modern Malay. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library 1 1. Introduction Reduplication can be defined as the repetition of phonological material within a word for semantic or grammatical purposes (Rubino, 2011). It is a pervasive phenomenon that is