Igwebuike AN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES ....academic excellence for positive change www.igwebuikejournals.com U N N I V A E I R T S N I T A Y T UMUNYA T I A ET V S E N I RT U C I EST S POT AS A Publication of the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Tansian University, Umunya Indexing Services Coverage & Publication Information Scientific Indexing Services RELEVANT WEB SEARCH CiteFactorAcademic Scientific Journals Igwebuike: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities © IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities ISSN: 2488-9210 E-ISSN: 2504-9038 Published by: Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Tansian University, Umunya Anambra State-Nigeria Typesetting : Altograde Nigeria Limited, Yola ....academic excellence for positive change Editorial & Advisory Board Editor - In - Chief Prof. Kanu, Ikechukwu Anthony, O.S.A Editor Tansian University, Umunya Anambra State Kanayor Louis Nwadialor, Ph.D [email protected] Nnamdi Azikiwe Univerity, Awka [email protected] [email protected] Managing Editor Ejikemeuwa J. O. Ndubuisi, Ph.D Manuscript Editor Tansian University, Umunya Anambra State Emmanuel Uche Kanu [email protected] Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola [email protected] Members Kolawole Chabi, Ph.D Ifeoma Obuasi, Ph.D Augustinian Patristic Institute, Rome University of Nigeria, Nsukka Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Ph.D Matthew Ananlogho, O.S.A, Ph.D University of Ghana, Legon Augustinian Institute of Philosophy, Makurdi Romanus Chukwuma Ejim Ph.D Adophus E. Amaefule, SDV, Ph.D Pontifical Lateran University, Rome University of Calabar, Calabar Caroline Mbonu H.H.C.J., Ph.D Ejikemeuwa J. O. Ndubuisi, Ph.D University of Port Harcourt, Tansian University, Umunya Port Harcourt Jude Onebunne, PhD Nneka Umera-Okeke, Ph.D Federal College of Education (Technical), University of Port Harcourt, Umunze Port Harcourt Anikwe Ferdinand, Ph.D Paul. T. Haaga, Ph.D Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization Federal University, Lafia (CBAAC), Abuja Chiugo C. Kanu, Ph.D Anetoh, Bonaventure Chike PhD University of Nigeria, Nsukka Tansian University Umunya Advisory Board Prof. Chima Korieh Prof. Egbeke Aja Marquette University, USA University of Nigeria, Nsukka Prof. Apollos Nwauwa Prof. B.A.C. Obiefuna Bowling Green State University, USA Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka Prof Edmund Ugwu Agbo Prof. Innocent Izuchukwu Asouzu International Bio-research University, Italy University of Calabar, Calabar Prof. Ada Uzoamaka Azodo Prof. J. I. Okonkwo Indiana University, Northwest Campus, USA Imo State Univeristy, Owerri Prof Michael Plaisent Prof. John U. Ganwari University of Quebec, Canada Veritas University of Nigeria, Abuja Prof. Martins Nkafu Nkemnkia Prof. Peter Bauna Tanko Pontifical Lateran University, Rome Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Prof. Nkechinyere Nwokoye Prof. Oby Okonkwor Nnamdi University, Awka Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka Prof. Madu Emeka Jude Prof. Philip C. Njemanze Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka International Academy of Astronautics About Igwebuike Preface Igwebuike: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities is a journal published by the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Tansian University, Umunya- Nigeria. Igwebuike is purely dedicated to the publication of original academic papers in the areas of the Arts and Humanities. Results of research are presented as fresh theories, hypotheses, and analyses of new ideas or discoveries. Extensions of existing theories and review of books are also covered within the standard range of this journal. The journal has a vision to put Africa and African intellectuals on the global map. However, this does not imply that non-Africans cannot publish in it. The aim of founding Igwebuike: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities is to make it a world class academic journal with global brand recognition that would thrive on standard, quality and originality. It is published quarterly with a maximum of ten (10) articles including book reviews. Articles are welcomed from any of the following areas: Anthropology, cross-cultural studies, education, ethics, history, international relations, law, linguistics, methodology, philosophy, political science, population Studies, psychology, sociology, social welfare, literature, performing arts (music, theatre & dance), religious studies, visual arts, women studies etc. It would be preferred if articles for publication address issues from an African perspective. Submission of Manuscript All manuscripts must be original (hence, not under consideration anywhere) and submitted to the editor in Microsoft Word format via e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. The entire work can range from two to fifty double-spaced pages with a concise title, abstract, and a standard scholarly citation: do not place page numbers or paper title (on each page) on the manuscript; articles (or parts of articles) in English and French will be considered. All submissions must list the author's current affiliation and contact points (location, e-mail address, etc.). The recommended referencing style is the APA format. Camera ready manuscripts will receive first preference in the publishing cycle. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed and those approved by the editorial board will be published. Generally, Editors should be able to reach a decision including recommending corrections if any or acceptance of any paper within two weeks of receipt which is communicated to the corresponding author subsequently. Authors are, therefore, advised to avoid needless correspondences. Contributors would receive a copy of the journal but additional copies may be obtained at a fixed price. All correspondences including subscription and sponsorship to the Editor via: [email protected] or [email protected]. Review and Publication Process A full double-blind refereeing process is used that comprises the following steps. } Paper is sent to 2 reviewers for review. The reviewers' recommendations determine whether a paper will be accepted / accepted subject to change / subject to re-submission with significant changes / rejected. } For papers which require changes, the same reviewers will be used to ensure that the quality of the revised paper is acceptable. } If the paper is accepted by the reviewers, author(s) will be notified to pay the author fee. } Acceptance letter will be provided after the payment has been made. } Author/Corresponding Author will be notified about the possible date of publication (both online and print) } One hard copy of the published journal (Print) for each article will be sent to the author/corresponding author. } The review process takes maximum of two weeks. Copyright Copyright for article published in Igwebuike are retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired. Subscription Please e-mail your subscription order (only for print copy) to the editor at [email protected] or [email protected] Contact Department of Philosophy & Religious Studies, Tel: +234-8036345466 Tansian University, Umunya. [email protected] Anambra State-Nigeria www.igwebuikejournals.com IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanies Vol.4 No.4, October, 2018 www.igwebuikejournals.com A CRITIQUE OF FORCE IN AFRICAN WORLDVIEW Archibong, Emmanuel Iniobong Faculty of Arts, Department of Philosophy Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka [email protected] Abstract Vital force is in hierarchical order in African worldview from God the supreme vital force through to the ancestors-the living dead, divinities, living humans, animals, plants and minerals. There are both material and non-material dimensions of force in African worldview which qualifies it to have a metaphysical (non-material) and scientific (material) basis simultaneously. Factual or material knowledge among the people of Africa is mainly restricted to matter of everyday living not really giving a place of prominence by way of in-depth reflection and analysis. It is also mostly the fundamental concerns of the artisans. But without any doubt, the work of artisans played a decisive role in establishing man's knowledge of and mastery over the material universe which precedes Western science as it is known today. Africans therefore, are very conscious materially only in the sense that they use the material force in the universe to enhance their life-force, healing and magical powers. This is why sacred plants, places, hills, rivers, valleys, mountains and animals are used by Africans to manipulate nature without any economic or infrastructural benefits accruing from such practices. The study employs the method of criticism and argues that focusing on the non-material aspect of reality wholly as the major preoccupation and explanation for every phenomenon in the African universe is the major reason why Africa is still scientifically and technologically underdeveloped. Thus, striking a balance in both the material and non-material aspect of force in African worldview or focusing more on research on the material aspect of reality devoid of non- material explanation will see to a new generation of Africans who will overcome present economic and infrastructural deficit by coming up with indigenous African science and technology for the peoples economic emancipation and wellbeing. Keywords: Force, worldview, African, Development, Scientific, Technological,