Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19367-2 - Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution Daniel Leese Index More information Index “acting as if,” 18, 199 Chongwen district, 136 activist congresses, 238 chuanlian to, 139–41 criticism of, 243–4 loyalty dance in, 228 language of, 183–5 and mass receptions, 88, 138, 256 organization of, 175–9, 187–8 May 1966 Politburo meeting, 122, activists, 18, 103, 219 124–6 within the PLA, 110, 112–13, 128, Municipal Secretariat, 137 152, 205, 227 Ninth Party Congress, 226 al-Assad, Hafez, 19, 260 October 1966 CCP leadership Albania, 75–8, 80 meeting, 143 Altar of Heaven, 139 Palace Museum, 7, 136 Anhui, 116, 239 revolution of cityscape, 134–5 Anti-Japanese Military and Political staging of The East Is Red, 3 University (Kangda), 96, 179 study classes, 172 Anti-Revisionist Writing Group, 79, Temple of Azure Clouds, 7 124, 255 Beijing Agricultural Institute Middle Anti-Rightist campaign, 63–6 School, 144 April 11th Combat Team (Guizhou), Beijing Aviation Institute, 161 165–9 Beijing Aviation Institute Red Flag, Austin, John, 182, 185 169, 198 Beijing Daily, 129 Babaoshan cemetery, 127 Beijing Exhibition Center, 145 badges, 149, 209, 213, 227 Beijing Forestry Institute, 144 prior to Cultural Revolution, 258 Beijing Garrison, 113, 131–2, production of, 214–16, 230 136, 169 as symbols of revolutionary activist congress, 176, 184 conviction, 190, 216, 223 arming the Left, 169 Baoding, 118 Beijing General Foodstuff Factory, 190 barefoot doctors, 192 Beijing General Knitting Mill, 196–201, Beijing, 165, 174, 193, 223, 245, 208, 219, 258 247, 251 Beijing General Reception Station, badge production in, 215 139–41 Central Military Commission Beijing Geological Institute, 137 meeting (1967), 155 Beijing Middle School No. 64, 209 291 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19367-2 - Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution Daniel Leese Index More information 292 Index Beijing Military Region, 100 and factions, 165 Beijing Mining Institute, 157, 159, 217 and Little Red Book, 118–19 Beijing New China Printing and Long Live Halls, 217 Factory, 220 official imagery, 41–2, 44 Beijing Normal University, 204 opposition to ritualistic worship, Beijing Normal University Girls’ 149, 197–8, 208, 229 Middle School, 132 and press liberalization, 57 Beijing Party Committee, 50, 119, and propagation of Men He, 187–8 124, 126 and renewed rectification, 55 Beijing Revolutionary Committee, represented by Mao, 106 172, 221 and restriction of gift offerings, Beijing Second Cotton Mill, 190 73, 223 Beijing Shijingshan Middle School, revisionism in, 85, 122 195–7, 258 and revolutionary committees, 154, Beijing University, 61, 201 164 Beijing University Middle School, 146 and Stalin’s death, 25 Benn, Philip, 29 steering of Cultural Revolution, 147, Bernstein, Eduard, 16 172–3, 176, 205, 208, 219, 223–4, Böhme, Hartmut, 261 255–6 Book of Great Equality, 1 CCP Central Secretariat, 30, 38, 114 Bourdieu, Pierre, 75, 164 CCP General Office, 30, 114, 116, 122, branding 159, 232 and Chen Boda, 161 CCP Liaison Department, 30 during the Three Loyalties CCP Politburo, 18, 74, 89, 123, 254 campaign, 213 after Mao’s death, 245 and Liu Shaoqi, 74 August 1966 meeting, 172 and Mao Zedong, 158 and Chengdu conference, 67 of nations, 17 and CPSU, 41 and Peng Zhen, 64 disbandment of, 154 and political symbols, 16–19, May 1966 meeting, 109, 122, 124–7, 22, 254 129, 256 Bulletin of Activities (PLA), 96 and patron–client relationships, 19, 256 Cantlie, James, 6 and personality cults, 44, 46, 71 capitalism, 60, 65, 67, 101, 123, 135, and polemics, 81 183, 242 and Polish upheavals, 48 CCP Center, See CCP Central pre-1949, 7, 12 Committee reevaluation of secret speech, 51–2 CCP Central Committee, 36, 49, 105 and secret speech, 30–4 and Anti-Rightist campaign, 64–5 and state chairman issue, 232–4 and Central Bureau of Guards, 196 CCP Political Research Office, 31 and chuanlian, 138, 141 CCP Propaganda Department, 116 control over cult symbols, 73, 159, and Cultural Revolution, 106, 122 162, 169–70, 230, 258 and directed public sphere, 20, 44, and criticism of Lin Biao, 237 57, 238 endorsement of ritualistic worship, and Little Red Book, 114, 118–20 197–8, 202 and Marxist classics, 110 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19367-2 - Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution Daniel Leese Index More information Index 293 and monitoring of public opinion, Chen Yi, 154 47, 50 Chen Yun, 41, 51, 105 and parades, 41 Chen Zaidao, 169 and secret speech, 30–1, 36 Chengdu, 221 Central Bureau of Guards, 96, 196 Long Live Hall in, 217, 219 Central Caucus, 154, 159, 224, 227 Chengdu conference, 67–71, 82, 89, 92 Central Cultural Revolution Group Chiang Kai-shek, 101 (CCRG), 137, 147, 245 cult of, 7–12, 18, 38, 87, 254 conflicts with PLA, 231 China’s Destiny (Chiang), 11 criticism of, 144–5, 154, 224, 249 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 25 criticism of cult manipulation, 208, and Anti-Rightist campaign, 65 223, 227–9 archive policy of, 16 dependence on Mao, 235, 255 central work conference (1965), 123 dissolution of, 231 criticism of, 50, 63 documents of, 187 and directed public sphere, 21 and Lin Biao, 160 and dogmatism, 53 and mass organizations, 161, 164–5 Eighth Party Congress, 44, 47, 55, politics of, 128, 240 233, 248 and Red Guards, 138, 143–7 Eighth Party Congress, Eleventh and Wuhan Incident, 169 Plenum, 116 Central Military Commission, 91, Eighth Party Congress, Second 112–13, 145 Plenum, 49, 71 documents of, 102, 187, 238 Eighth Party Congress, Third and Hua Guofeng, 246 Plenum, 65 meetings of, 92–3, 107, 112, Eleventh Party Congress, Fourth 155, 188 Plenum, 249 replacement of, 176 and explanation of personality Central Party School, 247 cults, 35 Central Propaganda Group, 237–8 and instigation of Mao cult, 11–12, Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, 245 15, 20 charismatic mobilization, 22–3, 59, 87, and Mao’s ascent, 7 138, 252 and Mao’s legacy, 248–50 failure of, 147, 257 National Propaganda Conference charismatic relationships, 19–20, 22, (1957), 59 54, 223, 234, 236, 247, 255, 260 Ninth Party Congress, 150, 174, 179, charismatic rule, 12, 14–15 193–4, 208, 226–9, 234, Chen Boda 238, 261 dependence on Mao, 123 Ninth Party Congress, Second and drafting of documents, 31–2, 52, Plenum, 230, 237 79 and parades, 38 during Cultural Revolution, 129–32, and party unity, 126 134 and patron–client relationships, and Little Red Book, 114–15 19, 161 at Lushan 1970, 233–5 and personality cults, 48, 262 and mass organizations, 161–2 and priviledged strata, 57 purge of, 235 and revisionism, 123, 125 Chen Mingshu, 63 and Second United Front, 8 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19367-2 - Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution Daniel Leese Index More information 294 Index Chinese Communist Party (CCP) criticism of, 208, 227–30, 243–4, (cont.) 247 Seventh Party Congress, 12 daily reading, 2, 201, 243 Seventh Party Congress, Second development of, 174, 208, 229, 258 Plenum, 4, 45 disciplinary character of, 199, Tenth Party Congress, 237–8, 241 206–7, 224, 258 Chongqing, 221 eternal live taijiquan, 204 chuanlian, 128, 138–42, 166 jiangyonghui, 197, 243 class struggle, 115, 122, 190, 202 loyalty dance, 2, 23, 204–6, 208, concept of, 76–7, 79, 182–3 227–9, 243 in the superstructure, 124–6 loyalty-fication campaigns, 209 cleansing the class ranks campaign, quotation gymnastics, 23, 202–4, 174, 206 208–9 collective leadership, 69, 183, 248, 262 in the PLA, 87, 95, 171 breach of, 28, 34, 250 and religion, 95, 210–11, 259 illusion of, 90 traditional cults, 4 as safeguard against cults, 44–5, 54, Cultural Revolution, 2 75, 106 aims of, 22, 151, 170, 172, 257 Comintern, 48 character of mass movement, 149 Communist Manifesto, 33 future reenactment of, 246–7 Communist Party of the Soviet Union official evaluation of, 249 (CPSU), 43, 91 periodization of, 23 and death of Stalin, 25–6 and print items, 108 and purge of Khrushchev, 84 reevaluation of, 263 and Sino–Soviet polemics, 78–83 remembrances of, 16, 175, 207 Twentieth Party Congress, 27–9, 31, rhetoric during the, 181–3 35, 45, 49, 53, 55, 74 turning away from, 207, 231, 236 Twenty-Second Party Congress, 76–8 Dafang Incident, 164–9 Communist Youth League, 61 Daqing, 110 Confucius, 114, 150, 237, 241–3 Dazhai, 110 Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius Democracy Wall, 247 campaign, 150, 237, 241–3 Deng Tuo, 31, 42, 60 Cuban Missile Crisis, 78 Deng Xiaoping, 48, 105, 262 cult anarchy, 87, 147, 150, 169, 175, criticism of, 143, 146, 228 182, 257, 262 criticism of ritualistic study, cult commodities, 211–16, 219, 105–7, 247 223–4 and Little Red Book, 116–17 after Cultural Revolution, 251 and Mao’s legacy, 247, 250 and Lin Biao Incident, 239 and personality cults, 11, 44–6, 48, sending of gifts, 45, 223 74, 248 cult rituals, 21, 150, 195, 260–1 and polemics, 79, 81 ambiguous character of, 224, 258 return of, 245 asking for instructions, 2, 195–6, and secret speech, 27, 31, 33 198, 201, 243, 258–9 Deng Yingchao, 113 and Beijing General Knitting Mill, de-Stalinization, 22, 29, 76, 109 196–201 Diaoyutai, 116 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19367-2 - Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution Daniel Leese Index More information Index 295 directed public sphere, 20–2, 183 Germany, 8 and language