I -1-1. .1 11-1-1--l-1-1- BIBLIOGRAPHY TEE EVALUATEON AND PROPERTIES OF PAPER BAGS AND SACKS Project 2033 Progress Report Fifteen to MULTIWALL SHIPPING SACK PAPER MANUFACTURERS May, 1960 7 THE INSTITUTE OF PAPER CHEMISTRY Appleton, Wisconsin BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE EVALUATION AND PROPERTIES OF PAPER BAGS AND SACKS Project 2033 Progress Report Fifteen to MULTIWALL SHIPPING SACK PAPER MANUFACTURERS May, 1960 PREFACE This bibliography is a supplement to Progress Report One on the evaluation and properties of paper bags and sacks. The Abstract Bull- etin of The Institute of Paper Chemistry and Chemical Abstracts have been searched through February, 1960, and Packaging Abstracts through December, 1959. I p - - 1. Andersson, 0., and Ihrman, C.-B. Behaviour of bag paper under dynamic loading. 1. Some observations in connection with drop testing of paper bags. Svensk Papperstidn. 62, no. 9:303-7(May 15, 1959); A.B.I.P.C. 30:227. The service strength of paper bags and packages is usually tested by subjecting the package to stresses simulating practical-handling conditions, most frequently to drop tests. Some drop-test parameters were studied, viz., drop height and weight and type of commodity. The average drop number is exponentially related both to the height of the drop and to the weight of the commodity packaged, with insignificant differences between the ex- ponents of the last two parameters. Under the experimental conditions used, i.e., 1-kg. block-bottom bags tested individually without varying any drop parameter, there was an exponential relation (exponent 2.2) between drop number and potential energy expended in the fall of the bag. From this exponential relationship, the characteristic quantity of "limiting energy" can be derived. A drop-testing program can be designed so that this quantity can be determined by dropping each bag only once. 2. Andersson, Olle. Impactlike stressing of paper. Allgem. Papier- Rundschau no. 6:271-2, 274-5(March 20, 1956); B.I.P.C. 27:1258. Classical paper tests, such as the tensile-strength test, are inadequate for evaluating the behavior of paper on printing and bag-making machines, in packaging applications, etc. The reasons are twofold: paper is not an ideal elastic material, hence its stress-elongation curve depends on the rate of testing; and the inertia of the material must not be neglected at practical rates of elongation. This discussion deals in a statistical manner with the effect of inertia forces on the stress-strain behavior of paper and thus with the mechanism of impulse or impact processes. 3. Anti-skid paper. Package Eng. 4, no. 5:69(May, 1959); Packaging Abstr. 16:555. 'Gripper-Kraft' is an antiskid paper for the exterior ply of multiwall bags. It is treated with an antiskid chemical while on the papermaking machines. 4. Apple, W. W. IPC friction meter. Tappi 41, no. 5:151-2A(May, 1958); Southern Pulp Paper Mfr. 21, no. 6:76-7(June, 1958); B.I.P.C. 28: 1649. The usefulness of the IPC friction meter, particularly for the multi- ply paper manufacturer or converter, is discussed. The kinetic friction measurement is significant in the development of antislip multi-ply bags, since it has been determined that high kinetic friction may be primarily responsible for good performance in handling and stacking of filled units. 5. Army developing paper sandbag. Modern Materials Handling 13, no. ll:57(Nov., 1958); Packaging Abstr. 16:108. A 2 This knitted paper bag under development at the U. S. Army Engineer Research &.Development Laboratories, Ft. Belvoir, Va., is reported to stack and handle satisfactorily. The mesh does not lose any significant quantity of fill material except when a very dry fine sand is used. The mesh, however, can be as fine as desired. On the basis of restricted field tests, the bag can be classified as a 60-day bag under the most severe weathering conditions. It can withstand normal weathering effects in excess of six months. The knitted fabric does not ravel when punctured. It resists the stock effects of a close blast, at least as well as jute burlap. 6. Automatic drop tester for multiwall bags. Modern Packaging 31, no. 11:164, 166(July, 1958); Packaging Abstr. 15:737. This flat-drop tester is operated by setting dials on a control panel to determine the height and pattern of drops in a test series. Drop height can be increased each time in 6-in. increments. The filled multi- wall bag is conveyed automatically to a predetermined height, where it is positioned against the drop gates and dropped onto a concrete block. Re- positioning the bag for second and successive drops is accomplished automati- cally. 7. Baker, W. P. Influence of the ambient medium on the breakdown voltage of sheet insulating materials. Nature 181, no. 4625:1726(June 21, 1958); A.B.I.P.C. 29:395. The breakdown voltage of cellulose triacetate and polyethylene tereph- thalate films was measured in air, and that of cellulose triacetate in helium, argon, and nitrogen-air mixture over a pressure range from nearly zero to about 8 atmospheres (i.e., passing through an electric strength valve equal to that of transformer oil). It was found that the breakdown voltage increased with increasing pressure (and electric strength) of the medium. The highest electric strength was recorded when helium was used, the lowest when argon was used. 8. Biesathen, a new packaging material. Verpackungs-Rundschau 10, no. 57280(May, 1959); Packaging Abstr. .16:555. Biesathen P58 and PJ58 are both bitumen-coated sack papers additionally coated with polyethylene against the mechanical strains of folding and creas- ing. P58 has as substrate either a smooth or creped papers; PJ58 is a kraft creped paper reinforced with jute. Figures for water-vapor permeability are given. 9. Carey, R. H., and Nutkis, M. S. Tensile impact tests on films. Modern Packaging 32, no. 1:147-52, 207, 209(Sept., 1958); A.B.I.P.C. 29:863. The method of testing films for tensile impact toughness is outlined, and the results of the test are compared with those using the bag-drop and falling-ball tests. It is concluded that the tensile impact test may be I 3 used as a satisfactory substitute for the increment-height bag-drop test. By so doing, more precise and accurate impact data may be obtained. The thickness effect--which is not taken into account in the bag-drop test-- may be included in the results of the impact test by a simple conversion. When this is done, a good statistical correlation between the tensile im- pact and the bag-drop tests results. It is recommended that the tensile impact test replace the bag-drop test and that the correlation chart be abandoned after this transformation has been made. 10. Chase designs new type of paper bag with special 'gloss'. Paper, Film and Foil Converter 32, no. 6:46(June, 1958); Packaging Abstr. 15:584. ChaseGloss paper bags are made of a new coated paper with a light reflectance reading four times as great as that of ordinary bags. Higher gloss printing gives the bags greater consumer appeal. 11. Checkland, P. B., Bull, T. H., and Bakker, E. J. A two-dimensional load-extension tester for fabrics and film. Textile Research J. 28, no. 5: 599-403(May, 1958); A.B.I.P.C. 29:259. Fabrics in use are rarely subjected to extensions in only one direction, but their load-extension behavior is normally tested in this way. A two- dimensional tester has been constructed with which load-extension curves for both weft and warp directions (or any other- mutually perpendicular directions) are recorded simultaneously. The internal strain without the homogeneously strained portion at the center of the fabric is also recorded. The instrument is.suitable. for making measurements on both knitted and woven fabrics and on plastic films. 12. Debus, E. Packaging films. Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 60: 133-87T958); Packaging Abstr. 15:478. The article discusses testing methods; characteristics (physicochemical) and properties of important types; and uses. 13. Dowling, Thomas E. Multi-wall bag sewn closures--reviewed and appraised. Paper Trade J. 142, no. 44:38-40(Nov. 3, 1958); A.B.I.P.C. 29: 978. Experimental data were obtained on moisture-vapor-transmission rates and strength characteristics of multiwall bag sewn closures of five classi- fications: wax-dipped ends, polyethylene-coated tape heat sealed over sewing, asphalt-laminated tape applied over sewing with full latex ad- hesive, creped kraft tape pasted over sewing or adhered with semilatex adhesive, and sewn-through creped kraft tape. A comparison based on 100% for the highest value, shows the following values for the five types, in the order listed, 100, 46, 42, 29, and 27% for moisture-vapor transmission; 90, 98, 81, 86, and 100% for strength; and 100, 56, 63, 45, and 45% for cost. Other factors which must be considered are also discussed. 4 14. Fastax film (Hi-speed multiwall shipping tests). A movie. Minneapolis, Minn., Bemis Bro. Bag Co. 350 ft. Black and white. 15. Fogra investigations. Unpleasant odour from (kraft) paper flour bags. Graph. Woche no. 4:122, 124(Feb., 1958); Packaging Abstr. 15:419. The causes were investigated. It was found that the paper itself had no unpleasant odor. The flour bags were letterpress printed on kraft paper. The airing of the three-colored printed papers showed no improvement over those piled directly after printing. Printing on art paper resulted in a conventional odor. The intensity of the odor was due to the drying of the oil medium, depending partly on the concentration of the driers and being affected by their odor.