INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2016/04 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 Holocene Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Neo- Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic ~ 720 Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 Quaternary Gelasian 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 Bathonian 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Bajocian 170.3 ±1.4 Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Devonian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.63 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic Neogene Sinemurian Langhian 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- 2050 Burdigalian Hettangian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 28.1 Gorstian Upper Norian 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Oligocene Precambrian Rupelian Wenlock Homerian 430.5 ±0.7 Neo- 33.9 ~ 227 Sheinwoodian 433.4 ±0.8 archean Priabonian Carnian Silurian Telychian 2800 37.8 riassic ~ 237 Llandovery 438.5 ±1.1 Meso- Bartonian T 41.2 Ladinian Aeronian 440.8 ±1.2 archean Eocene Middle ~ 242 Rhuddanian Lutetian Anisian 443.8 ±1.5 3200 47.8 247.2 Hirnantian 445.2 ±1.4 Paleo- Olenekian Archean Ypresian Lower 251.2 archean Paleogene Induan 252.17 ±0.06 Upper Katian 56.0 Changhsingian 453.0 ±0.7 3600 Thanetian 254.14 ±0.07 59.2 Lopingian Sandbian Eo- Wuchiapingian Paleozoic Paleocene Selandian 259.8 ±0.4 458.4 ±0.9 Phanerozoic 61.6 Phanerozoic Phanerozoic archean Capitanian Darriwilian 4000 Danian 265.1 ±0.4 Middle 66.0 467.3 ±1.1 Guadalupian Wordian Dapingian Hadean Maastrichtian 268.8 ±0.5 470.0 ±1.4 Roadian Ordovician ~ 4600 72.1 ±0.2 272.3 ±0.5 Floian Campanian Kungurian Lower 477.7 ±1.4 Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower Permian 283.5 ±0.6 Tremadocian 83.6 ±0.2 boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long 485.4 ±1.9 Upper Santonian 86.3 ±0.5 Artinskian defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and Cisuralian 290.1 ±0.26 Stage 10 detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website Coniacian ~ 489.5 89.8 ±0.3 Sakmarian http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL to this chart is found below. 295.0 ±0.18 Furongian Jiangshanian Turonian ~ 494 93.9 Asselian 298.9 ±0.15 Paibian Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in ~ 497 the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries Cenomanian Gzhelian Upper 303.7 ±0.1 Guzhangian in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained 100.5 Kasimovian ~ 500.5 numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided. Paleozoic 307.0 ±0.1 aceous Series 3 Drumian t Albian Middle Moscovian ~ 504.5 Numerical ages for all systems except Lower Pleistocene, 315.2 ±0.2 Stage 5 Mesozoic ~ 113.0 Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from Cre ~ 509 Lower Bashkirian ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); Aptian Pennsylvanian Stage 4 323.2 ±0.4 those for the Lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous ~ 125.0 Series 2 ~ 514 were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions. Upper Serpukhovian Cambrian Stage 3 Barremian 330.9 ±0.2 Lower ~ 129.4 ~ 521 Coloring follows the Commission for the Hauterivian Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org) ~ 132.9 Middle Visean Stage 2 Carboniferous 346.7 ±0.4 ~ 529 Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard Valanginian Terreneuvian (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, April 2016 ~ 139.8 Fortunian Berriasian Mississippian Lower Tournaisian To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) ~ 145.0 358.9 ±0.4 541.0 ±1.0 The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204. URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2016-04.pdf.