The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. are published by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Inc. editorial committee: Alexander Archimovich, President of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States Dmitry Čiževsky, Heidelberg University Alexander Granovsky, University of Minnesota John S. Reshetar, Jr., University of Washington George Y. Shevelov, Columbia University Volody- myr P. Timoshenko, Stanford University e d i t o r : Leonid C. Sonevytsky The views expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the editor of The Annals All correspondence, orders, and remittances should be addressed to The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., 206 West 100 Street, New York, New York 10025 SUBSCRIPTION RATE FOR ONE VOLUME: $6.00 Price of this volume: $6.00 Copyright 1964, by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Inc. THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN TH E U.S., INC. V o l u m e X, 1962-1963 N u m b e r 1 (29) CONTENTS STUDIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND HISTORY Lenin’s Idea of a Multinational Commonwealth.................... 3 T h e o d o r e B. C iu c iu r a The Ukrainian Question in R. H. Lord’s Writings on the Paris Peace Conference of 1 9 1 9 ....................................................... 65 L e o n id C. So n e v y t sk y Herodotus and Hippocrates on the Anthropology of the Scyth­ ians . ..................................................................................... 85 A l e x a n d e r D o m b r o w sk y r e v ie w a r t ic l e A Survey of Publications on Ukrainian Ethnography and Folk­ lore in the Years 1957-1962 .................................................. 92 P etr o O d a r c h e n k o BOOK REVIEWS Yaroslav Pasternak, Arkheolohiya Ukrayiny (Neonila Kordysh) 111 Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-1957 (Vsevolod Holubnychy)............................................................112 Akademiya Nauk Ukrayins’koyi RSR. Sektor Derzhavy і Prava, Istoriya derzhavy і prava Ukrayins’koyi RSR , 1917-1960 (Vasyl M a r k u s ) ......................................................................116 Studies on the Soviet Union. New Series. Volume II, Number 1: Special Issue on Agriculture in the USSR (Alexander A rc h im o v ic h )...........................................................................123 OBITUARIES Volodymyr Doroshenko (Wolodymyr Mijakowskyj) .... 126 Volodymyr Sichynsky (Damian H orniatkevych).........................131 Ivan Kabachkiv (Iwan Z a m sh a )..................................................134 Mykola Efremov (Alexander Archimovich)..............................136 Ivan Bahryanyi (Hryhory K o stiu k ).............................................139 Todos’ Os’machka (Jurij Law rynenko)........................................141 Mykhaylo Orest-Zerov (Oleh Z ujew skyj)...................................144 Andriy Derevyanko (L. D . ) ............................................................145 c h r o n i c l e .............................................................................................147 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION ............................................................163 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................164 Lenin’s Idea of a Multinational Commonwealth THEODORE B. CIUCIURA For a long time certain relevant passages of The Communist Mani­ festo were used by many socialists as the criteria for evaluating the system of antagonistic nation-states and the widespread rule by aliens in the world's dependent countries. The Manifesto appealed to workers of the world to maintain international solidarity in their struggle against capitalism. The proletarian world revolution was to destroy not only the capitalist social order, but the whole system of nation-states, as well as “the exploitation of one nation by another"; in the new supra-national world community the “national differences and antagonisms between peoples/' already on the wane in capitalistic society, would “vanish still faster/’1 This prophesy has not materi­ alized. One century later, contrary to the expectations of Marx and Engels, the nation-state system still exists, and national differences and antagonisms between peoples are very much in evidence. The new Communist community of nations, originated by Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the years from 1917 to 1923 and extended after World War II, now controls approximately one third of the earth's surface and more than one third of all humanity. This fact, as well as a certain widening of the political influence of this community upon other countries of Asia, Africa, and even America, has tended to focus the attention of many writers on the changed role of the Soviet Union in the field of international relations, and on the subject of supra-national cooperation and integration within the Communist bloc of states.2 1 The Communist Blueprint for the Future: The Complete Texts of All Four Communist Manifestos, 1848-1961, introd. Thomas P. Whitney (New York, 1962), p. 29. S. F. Bloom explains in The World of Nations: A Study of the National Implications in the Work of Karl Marx (New York, 1941), that this phrase does not mean “the complete disappearance of all national distinctions whatsoever, but specifically the abolition of sharp economic and social differences” (p. 26), and offers a searching analysis of Marx’s positive attitude toward nationality (accept­ ance of the nation as a substantial historical entity), and his internationalist rather than cosmopolitan view of the organization of the world. 2 Milován Djilas brings this out with great clarity and anger in Lenin on Re­ lations Between Socialist States (New York, Yugoslav Information Center, 1950), 3 4 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY However, the Communist community of nations already existed, in the form of the multinational USSR even before World War II. Many concepts, methods of action, and political relationships within the Soviet bloc of nations on which attention is focused at the present time originated and were applied at the international or, at least, quasi-international level in the dealings of the Russian Federation (RSFSR) with her neighbors before the Nazi German invasion. The whole complex of these concepts, methods of action, and political rela­ tionships is well-known as the Soviet nationality (nationalities or ‘‘na­ tional”) policy, and a number of works has been published on the subject in the Soviet Union as well as in the West.3 These works may be grouped into four categories. The first and largest deals with general aspects of the Soviet nationality policy. Soviet publications on the subject—both early and more recent ones —are all highly favorable. Western publications range from a few commendatory accounts (especially in the early period of the exist­ ence of the USSR) to more numerous critical ones (especially during the Stalinist era); the more detailed works tend to be more critical.4 an abridged translation of his article published in the September 1949 issue of the Komunist, the official organ of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Djilas states that “the newest phase of international development is characterized by the spread of Socialism, by the co-existence of a whole series of Socialist states, and by the continued fundamental weakening of capitalism” (p. 6). However, he accuses the Soviet Union of being “the wreckers of the international solidarity of workers and the violators of the equality of peoples” (p. 7); “their actions are not only contrary to Marx’s and Lenin’s doctrine regarding relations between socialist countries and workers’ parties, but are a direct and deliberate revision of the teachings of this doctrine” (p. 8). Another writer draws the outlines of the Soviet design for a world state and contrasts “Soviet statements concerning the com­ pletely voluntary nature of an ever-expanding Soviet state with the Soviet practice, grounded in theoretical justification for war, of subjugating nations by means of crude military force.” Elliot R. Goodman, The Soviet Design for a World State (New York, I960), p. XVII. θ Cf. Djilas’ statement that “Lenin's theory on relations between socialist states is an integral part of his theory regarding the national question” (p. 49). 4 The most representative are: Walter R. Batsell, Soviet Rule in Russia (New York, 1929), chs. Ill, X; Hans Kohn, Nationalism in the Soviet Union (New York, 1933), and his “The Nationality Policy of the Soviet Union,” in Samuel N. Harper, ed., The Soviet Union and World-Problems (Chicago, 1935); C. A. Macartney, Na­ tional States and National Minorities (London, 1934); Werner von Harpe, Die Grundsätze der Nationalitätenpolitik Lenins (Berlin, 1941); John Maynard, “The Nationalities,” in his The Russian Peasant and Other Studies (London, 1942); Jacob Robinson, “The Soviet Solution of the Minorities Problem,” in R. M. Maclver, ed., Group Relations and Group Antagonism: A Series of Addresses and Discussions (New York, 1944); Anna Louise Strong, Peoples of the USSR (New l e n in ’s id e a o f a commonwealth 5 To the second category belong special studies on the status of non- Russian nationalities in the USSR, many of them on the Ukraine, the second largest republic of the Union.5 Works on Soviet feder­ alism form the third category. All western works (with one notable exception) purport to be unable to find evidence of true federalism in the USSR, even despite the amendment