INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaUy in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Arm Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ENCOMIENDA, FAMILY, AND BUSINESS IN COLONIAL CHARGAS (MODERN BOLIVIA). THE ENCOMENDEROS OF LA PLATA, 1550-1600 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ana Marfa Presta M. A. ****** The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Professor Kenneth J. Andrien, Adviser Professor G. Micheal Riley j] / Professor Maureen Ahern y^dviser Department of History UMI Number: 9801762 UMI Microform 9801762 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected %ainst unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the economic activities of a group of encomenderos who inhabited the city of La Plata (Charcas, Modern Bolivia) in the second half of sixteen century. Up to the 1570s, an encomienda was the vehicle to gain access to economic success. An encomienda gave the holder access to labor, opened the way to agricultural and stock-raising undertakings, and provided capital to invest in other sectors of the economy, like mining. The encomienda satisfied the conquistadors' seigneurial aspirations such as military service to the king and political responsibilities at the municipal level. The theoretical framework I used to study the encomenderos of La Plata and their business draws heavily from Pierre Bourdieu's notion of habitus, w hich allowed me to understand the contradictory behavior the encomenderos. The encomenderos of Charcas utilized a network of personal and family connections to expand their business enterprises within the internal market. Kinship and partnership in business contributed to family solidarity and to the expansion of investment opportunities. I examined the encomenderos' nexus of personal and ii business connections under the paradigm of social network. These networks were built around a grant transferred by inheritance. I analyzed the encomenderos' lineages to understand the nature of these social relations. I utilized a methodology drawn from family history to explore the reproduction of the social system. Marriage was an economic undertaking pertaining to not only individuals but close relatives to better the interest of a family and its network. Four family networks affiliated with the same number of encomenderos of La Plata during the two generations prescribed by law for the enjoyment of their grants were analyzed in this study. The Almendras, Paniagua de Loaysa, Zarate, and Ondegardo families and their networks were introduced to learn how roles and social behavior contributed to the reproduction of a hierarchical social system. The heterogeneous encomendero group of Charcas contributed to shape the colonial history of La Plata, Potosi, and Cochabamba. Ill Dedicated to my beloved parents Luis (1908-1975) and Nelly M. Ottati IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I started to think about the topic of this research years ago. As a result of a successful task at the Archive Nacional de Bolivia in 1988, some free days were left before going back to Buenos Aires. I took advantage of them by exploring the early notarial records from the Villa de Plata. The notarial records were difficult to read b u t proved to be a gold mine for me because of my interest in the early colonial history of Charcas. Two years later I started graduate school at The Ohio Stale University and the idea of producing a thesis about the entrepreneurial behavior of the firsts encomenderos of La Plata crystallized in my research on Juan Ortiz de Zarate. In 1991, a travel grant from the Tinker Foundation and the Latin American Studies Program at The Ohio State University allowed me to re tu rn to Sucre and pursue a preliminary research to define the topic of my dissertation. The almost daily talks with the late Gunnar Mendoza Loza, the unforgettable Director of the Archive Nacional, whom I consider my mentor and adviser, were as fruitful as the research I was starting on the encomenderos of Charcas. At the beginning, Don Gunnar was even more enthusiastical than I in a subject he considered "somebody had definitely ought to explore." I have no words to acknowledge Don Gunnar's generosity and intellectual support. I will never forget that sunny winter afternoon of August 1991, in which he sent to my desk four boxes filled w ith small cards containing his personal notes taken during 45 years of reading the Archive's treasures. When I went back to Sucre in 1994, Don Gunnar was mortally ill but still encouraging me on the phone. It is for him that I bestow my eternal admiration and thankfulness. This research could not have been possible without the financial support of the Organization of American States and Fundacion Antorchas (Argentina), which allowed me to relocate in Bolivia for almost two years. I gratefully acknowledge the guidance of my professors at The Ohio State University, Kenneth J. Andrien, G. Micheal Riley, Maureen Ahern, and John Rule. Many persons made this study possible. In Buenos Aires, 1 benefited from the confidence and encouragement of Ana Marfa Lorandi, who, in the early 1980s, suggested that I should focus m y study on the Southern Andes. At the Institute de Ciencias Antropologicas from the Universidad of Buenos Aires I had the opportunity of meeting Mercedes del Rio, my friend and colleague, whom I share the passion for Bolivia and its peoples. Our conversations and discussions were always fruitful and inspiring, for which I will always be thankful to her. At the Programa d e Historia de America Latina (PROHAL) of the Institute de Historia Argentina y Americana Dr. Emilio Ravignani of the Facultad de Filosoffa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, directed by Enrique Tandeter, I found the place to discuss ideas and theory. There, the vi "Family Group," provided insights and inspiration to define m y approach to the encomenderos of La Plata. I thank Enrique Tandeter and my colleagues at the PROHAL, Sergio Serulnikov and Ricardo Cicerchia, for their comments and always sharp critiques on earlier drafts of this dissertation. At the Library of the Institute Ravignani, Marcelina Jarma and Abel Roth supported all my requests for rare books and old reviews with patience and good mood. Agustina Gangloff was always helpful at the Biblioteca National where I spent much time at the Sala de Reservados. Gaston Doucet gifted me w ith his friendship and wide knowledge on colonial Charcas and gave me fruitful comments to some chapters of this study. I thank the following persons for their suggestions about how to improve earlier drafts of my work: Ana Maria Lorandi, Juan Carlos Garavaglia, Carlos Astarita, Fermin del Pino, Juan Pablo Ferreiro, Roxana Boixados, Ana E. Schaposchnik, and Gustavo L. Paz. My colleagues and friends Liliana Romero, Cora V. Bunster, Sara Sosa Miatello, and Raquel Gil Montero always offered their emotional support and encouragement, for which I acknowledge them from the heart. In Bolivia, while conducting research, I was endowed with the generosity of many people. Gabriel Martinez and Veronica Cereceda offered hospitality and emotional and intellectual support. Theirs was the merit of joining all the ABDs and scholars working at the Archive or doing field work in surrounding Sucre to attend fruitful fortnight discussions and participate in the memorable "Lunes Antropologicos." Every Monday, young and experienced researchers had the chance to tell the people of Sucre about our topics. There, 1 vii learnt from the generous comments and suggestions of Tristan Platt, Erwin P. Grieshaber, Martti and Ellie Parsinen, Gary Urton, Cynthia Radding, Karen Powers, Catherine Julien, Elizabeth Penry, Stuart Rockefeller, Antero Klemola, Colin Gomez, Elka Weinstein, Ari Zigelboim, and Primo Nina. I owe much gratitude to the personnel of the Archive Nacional de Bolivia, who with their generosity and attendance made my work extremely pleasant. After the death of Don Gunnar, the directors Josep M. Barnadas and René D. Arze Aguirre attentively cooperated with me and tolerated the smallest of my requests. I particularly thank Judit Teran for her skillful help in reading some difficult and undeciphered early records. During my days in Sucre I strengthened my previous friendship with Paulina Cervantes, Pilar Giménez Dominguez. Adriana Moreira, Ruth Pabdn de Ponce Paz. Gloria Querejazu, Mercedes Renjel, and their families. To all of them 1 thank for their company and support.