‘Collaborative Competition’ Stance-taking and Positioning in the European Parliament Nazlı Avdan Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 719 Studies in Language and Culture No. 29 Faculty of Arts and Sciences Linköping 2017 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 719 At the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Linköping University, research and doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments and doctoral studies mainly in graduate schools. Jointly, they publish the series Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. This thesis comes from the Graduate School in Language and Culture in Europe at the Department of Culture and Communication. Distributed by: Department of Culture and Communication Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Nazlı Avdan ’Collaborative Competition’ Stance-taking and Positioning in the European Parliament Edition 1:1 ISBN 978-91-7685-493-8 ISSN 0282-9800 Studies in Language and Culture No. 29 ãNazli E. Avdan Department of Culture and Communication, 2017 Cover image: Redmer Hoekstra With the artist’s permission Cover layout: Martin Pettersson Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2017 To Tayfun Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................... v List of Figures ....................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Target Audiences ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Outline of the Study .............................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Data and Methodological FraMeworks ................................................... 7 2.1 The Data ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 The Corpus ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Why Questions? ................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Narrowing down the Scope of the Research ....................................................................... 12 2.1.4 Ethical Considerations ......................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 14 2.3 Presentation of the Data ...................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3 Setting the Scene .................................................................................. 17 3.1 Historical Background .......................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 The European Ideal .............................................................................................................. 17 3.1.2 Competing Projects for a Future Europe ............................................................................. 19 3.1.3 Sovereign Debt Crisis ........................................................................................................... 19 3.1.4 The Time-line of the Institutional Collaboration in Europe ................................................. 21 3.2 The Macro Scene ................................................................................................................. 23 3.3 Institutional Frame .............................................................................................................. 24 3.3.1 The EP Organization ............................................................................................................. 24 3.3.2 Multilingualism in the European Parliament ....................................................................... 25 3.3.3 How Plenary Works ............................................................................................................. 25 3.3.4 Participants .......................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 4 Approaches to ParliaMentary Debate ................................................... 27 4.1 Previous Research ............................................................................................................... 27 4.2 From ‘Genre’ to ‘ComMunicative Activity Type’ ................................................................... 29 4.2.1 Debate as a Parliamentary Communicative Activity ............................................................ 30 4.2.2 Communicative Procedures in the EP .................................................................................. 31 The President's Opening Speech ............................................................................................................. 32 Debriefing from the EU Presidents ......................................................................................................... 32 Scheduled Speeches ................................................................................................................................ 32 One-minute Speeches .............................................................................................................................. 32 Personal Statements ................................................................................................................................ 32 Blue-Card Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.3 Features of the Blue-card Q&A Procedure .......................................................................... 34 4.3 Sequential Organization and Turn-taking SysteM in the Blue-card Procedure ...................... 36 Chapter 5 Theoretical Approaches ........................................................................ 39 5.1 Constructivist Approach ...................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Focus on Groupings and Intergroup Behaviour .................................................................... 40 i Chapter 6 Conceptual FraMework ........................................................................ 43 6.1 Grouping ............................................................................................................................. 43 6.2 Grounding ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Positioning .......................................................................................................................... 48 6.3.1 Intergroup Positioning ......................................................................................................... 53 6.3.2 Tracing Intergroup Relations in Statements by Individuals ................................................. 54 6.4 Stance ................................................................................................................................. 55 6.4.1 Du Bois’s Stance Triangle ..................................................................................................... 57 6.4.2 Stance Categories ................................................................................................................ 58 Evaluative Stance .................................................................................................................................. 58 Affective Stance ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Epistemic Stance ................................................................................................................................... 59 6.5 Alignment ............................................................................................................................ 61 6.6 Concluding ReMarks ............................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 7 Addressing ........................................................................................... 63 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 63 7.2 Analytical Approaches to Address ........................................................................................ 64 7.3 Research on Parliamentary ForMs of Address ...................................................................... 65 7.4 Procedural Identification of Addressee