Analog MIMO spatial filtering Citation for published version (APA): Heuvel, van den, J. H. C. (2012). Analog MIMO spatial filtering. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR724476 DOI: 10.6100/IR724476 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2012 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 Analog MIMO Spatial Filtering Johannes Henricus Cornelus van den Heuvel Samenstelling promotiecommissie: voorzitter prof.dr.ir A.C.P.M. Backx Technische Universiteit Eindhoven promotoren prof.dr.ir. P.G.M. Baltus Technische Universiteit Eindhoven prof.dr.ir. J.P.M.G. Linnartz Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Philips Research Eindhoven leden prof. D. Cabri´cˇ University of California, Los Angeles prof.dr.ir. L. van der Perre Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Imec prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta Universiteit Twente prof.dr.ir. C.H. Slump Universiteit Twente prof.dr.ir. A.H.M. van Roermund Technische Universiteit Eindhoven A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology Library. CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Analog MIMO Spatial Filtering / by Johannes Henricus Cornelus van den Heuvel. - Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2012. Proefschrift. - ISBN 978-94-6191-123-0 NUR 959 Subject headings: Spatial filters / Array signal processing / Interference suppression / Radiofrequency integrated circuits / MIMO systems / Cognitive Radio / Power demand / Wireless communication / Analog-digital conversion / OFDM modulation. This research is supported by IOP Generic Communication - Senter Novem program. Copyright c 2011 by Johannes Henricus Cornelus van den Heuvel. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in parts is prohibited without the written consent of the copy- right owner. Analog MIMO Spatial Filtering PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 11 januari 2012 om 16.00 uur door Johannes Henricus Cornelus van den Heuvel geboren te Oss Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.ir. P.G.M Baltus en prof.dr.ir. J.P.M.G. Linnartz Aan Petra, mijn zus, ouders, grootouders en familie Contents Abbreviations vii List of Symbols ix 1 Introduction1 1.1 Wireless Communication........................2 1.2 Capacity of Wireless Systems.....................5 1.2.1 MIMO..............................6 1.3 Trends in Wireless Transceivers....................6 1.3.1 Migration of RF Frequencies Bandwidths and Distances...7 1.3.2 Multiple Antennas.......................9 1.3.3 Multiple Standards and Devices................ 10 1.3.4 Multiple Users.......................... 11 1.3.5 Energy Trends......................... 13 i ii Contents 1.4 MIMO in a Mass Market........................ 15 1.5 The Research.............................. 17 1.5.1 Scientific Contributions..................... 17 1.6 Structure of the Thesis......................... 20 2 State of the Art MIMO OFDM Systems 21 2.1 Introduction............................... 21 2.2 Receiver................................. 23 2.2.1 RF Front End.......................... 23 2.2.2 ADC............................... 26 2.2.3 BB Processing.......................... 27 2.3 Batteries................................. 28 2.4 Screen Size............................... 31 2.5 Flash Memory Speed.......................... 31 2.6 Extrapolations............................. 34 2.7 Summary and Conclusions....................... 36 3 System Design Considerations 39 3.1 Introduction............................... 39 Contents iii 3.2 Received Signal Model......................... 40 3.2.1 Legal Transmit Power..................... 40 3.2.2 Data Format.......................... 40 3.2.3 OFDM.............................. 41 3.2.4 Noise............................... 42 3.2.5 Channel Model......................... 43 3.3 MIMO Channel Capacity........................ 43 3.4 Zero-IF.................................. 46 3.5 Receiver Cascade............................ 47 3.5.1 Gain............................... 48 3.5.2 Linearity............................. 51 3.5.3 Noise Contribution....................... 54 3.6 Analog-to-Digital Converter...................... 55 3.7 Design Considerations......................... 56 3.8 Conclusions............................... 57 4 Optimum Data Transfer Energy Efficiency 59 4.1 Introduction............................... 59 iv Contents 4.2 Modeling System Data Transfer Energy Efficiency.......... 62 4.2.1 Distortion and Noise...................... 63 4.2.2 Optimum Throughput..................... 66 4.2.3 Minimum-Power Cascade Optimization Method....... 67 4.2.4 Maximum-Throughput Cascade Optimization Method... 68 4.2.5 Variable Third Order Intercept Point............. 69 4.2.6 Maximum Data Transfer Energy Efficiency.......... 71 4.2.7 Duty Cycling.......................... 73 4.3 Numerical Results............................ 73 4.4 Conclusions............................... 78 5 ACMM MIMO IC for Analog Spatial Filtering 81 5.1 Introduction............................... 81 5.2 Proposed MIMO Receiver Architecture................ 85 5.3 ACMM Circuit Description...................... 89 5.4 Aluminum and Gold Bond Wires................... 96 5.5 Measurement Results.......................... 98 5.6 Measurements Analysis and Redesign................. 103 Contents v 5.7 Benchmarks............................... 115 5.8 Conclusions............................... 118 6 Analog Spatial Filtering in Wideband Cognitive Radio 119 6.1 Introduction............................... 119 6.2 System Model.............................. 121 6.2.1 Front End Architectures.................... 122 6.2.2 Analog-to-Digital Converter.................. 124 6.2.3 Signal Model.......................... 125 6.2.4 Wide Band Multiple Antenna Channel Models........ 126 6.3 Spatial Filtering Approach....................... 131 6.3.1 Problem statement....................... 131 6.3.2 Proposed Beamforming Algorithms.............. 135 6.3.3 Proposed Full MIMO Spatial Filter Algorithms....... 138 6.4 Numerical Results............................ 140 6.4.1 Beamforming Flat Fading................... 141 6.4.2 Beamforming OFDM Signals.................. 143 6.4.3 Full MIMO Spatial Filtering Wideband Channel....... 154 vi Contents 6.5 Conclusions............................... 159 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 161 7.1 Conclusions............................... 161 7.2 Recommendations............................ 164 References 167 List of Publications 179 Summary 181 Samenvatting 185 Acknowledgements 189 Biography 195 Abbreviations ACMM analog complex matrix multiplier ADC analog-to-digital converter AGC automatic gain control AOA angle of arrival AWGN additive white Gaussian noise BB baseband BPSK binary phase shift keying CMOS complementary metaloxide semiconductor CR cognitive radio DAC digital-to-analog converter dB decibel DR dynamic range DSP digital signal processing DSP digital signal processor ENOB effective number of bits EFOM effective figure of merit FFT fast Fourier transform FOM figure of merit I in-phase component IC integrated circuit IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IF intermediate frequency IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform LAN local area network LNA low noise amplifier vii viii Abbreviations LO local oscilator LOS line-of-sight LTE long term evolution MIMO multiple-input and multiple-output MPCO minimum power cascade optimization MRC maximum ratio combining MTCO maximum throughput cascade optimization NLOS non-line-of-sight OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing PCB printed circuit board PLL phased locked loop Q quadrature component RF radio frequency RX receiver SD secure digital SDHC secure