View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks@UARK University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2015 Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization Ann Louise Cole University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Cole, Ann Louise, "Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1159. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1159 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. 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Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies by Ann Louise Cole Oklahoma Baptist University Bachelor of Arts in Spanish, 2003 University of Arkansas Masters of Arts in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, 2006 Middlebury College Masters of Arts in Spanish, 2010 May 2015 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Luis Restrepo Dissertation Director ____________________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. Dorothy Stephens Dr. Elizabeth Markham Committee Member Committee Member Abstract From its founding, the Society of Jesus was globally minded, and Iberian imperial and mercantile expansion during the early modern period granted Jesuit missionaries unprecedented access to the globe through navigation. With its unique emphasis on both global missions and pedagogy, the Society of Jesus was in an ideal position to both generate and disseminate knowledge about the world. As missionaries scattered across the globe constructed the identity of the ethnic and cultural Other encountered on mission in the East and in Latin America, Jesuit missionaries and scholars, both at home and abroad, likewise attempted to construct a global Catholic identity, merging the realities of Catholicism in a post-Reformation Europe with the possibilities of the global mission. In this way, although the Catholic communities established throughout the Jesuit global mission geographically spanned oceans, they were conceptually ever present. This study will analyze texts produced on early modern Jesuit missions in England, Japan and Paraguay as well as works retrospectively considering these missions, such as the Latin musical drama Mulier fortis, in order to better understand the ideological, political and rhetorical strategies of early modern Jesuit missionaries and scholars as they conceptualized the cultural complexities of the world around them and attempted to cull out a universal global Catholic identity from such vast diversity. © 2015 by Ann Louise Cole All Rights Reserved Acknowledgments I would like to begin by offering my sincerest thanks to Dr. Luis Restrepo in guiding my academic and intellectual development while studying here at the University of Arkansas. He was the first professor I met when I came to tour the campus, and I am truly grateful that our professional paths crossed. As my professor, academic advisor and now dissertation chair, I appreciate the insightful feedback he has consistently given me as well as the opportunities he has offered me for professional and academic development. I would also like to thank Dr. Stephens who as my professor during my first years as a graduate student helped me think outside the literary box by requiring us to read works I would not have previously considered as “literature,” such as the guide to Renaissance huswifery. While it was useful, in that before reading it I had no idea there was such a thing as dragon water, it also opened my eyes to the marvelous cultural treasures texts, literary and otherwise, can teach us, and my diverse choice of texts within this dissertation reflects that lesson. I would also like to thank Dr. Markham for agreeing to serve on my dissertation committee and offer me advice about a discipline I was formerly only familiar with from having participated in choirs most of my life. Although we are not well acquainted, she is in many ways responsible for the subject of this dissertation since it is only because of the presentation given at U of A about Mulier fortis that I even know of the work’s existence. I walked out of that presentation with a burning curiosity to know more about the Jesuits and their global missions and this dissertation, and any subsequent research I might do on the topic in the future, is the result. There is absolutely no way I could have read or translated Mulier fortis without the help of two very generous Latin scholars, Garrett Jeter and Mark Reynolds. I would also like to thank my family. Thank you to my wonderful husband who was willing to play with our three-year-old in the snow, take her on day trips so I could get work done, and endure her screams when she was sure no one would do but mommy. I also want to express my deepest thanks to my mom who likewise has done a lot of babysitting and been a shoulder to cry on when I’ve felt overwhelmed. I would also like to say thank you to my academically (and in almost every other way) more talented brother, E.J., who has been wonderful at offering affirmation and helping guide me through the unique challenges and opportunites of academia. Finally, I want to say thank you to my dear daughter, Carmen. In many ways, she has had a contradictory effect on the writing of this dissertation since as a baby she demanded so much of my time and energy the writing and research slowed down to a crawl, but as she has grown she has made me want to speed up the process so that I don’t have to take time away from her. To her, the completion of mommy’s dissertation means we’ll have more time to play, and we’ll be able to go swimming and take trips to the zoo, all of which I look forward to immensely! Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my family. In the course of writing this dissertation, the dynamic of my family changed dramatically. I lost my father to cancer and then gave birth to a precious little girl. Both events were profound moments in my life and definitely affected my sense of self and priorities. As I read chapters of this dissertation, I am reminded how they relate to the specific moment in which they were written and while some parts echo joy and others pain, I am grateful for the remembrance nonetheless. I dedicate this dissertation, first of all, to my parents, Eldon and Sandra Coffman. I believe that if my dad were still alive, he would be proud of my accomplishment; in those moments when I thought I would never finish this project, I would remember his favorite saying, “The impossible takes just a little bit longer,” and just keep on. I would also like to dedicate this work to my mom who truly is the mulier fortis in my life. I have always admired her as a wonderful mother and now admire her even more as I am in awe of how masterfully she juggled competing demands throughout my childhood. In addition to my parents, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my brother, E.J., whose academic successes have inspired me and who has offered encouragement through every step of my graduate career. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation to my husband, Steven, who has shown me tremendous support throughout this process, and to my daughter, Carmen, who may not entirely understand what a dissertation is but who offers plenty of support through hugs. Table of Contents I. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….1 II. Chapter One …………………………………………………………………………………..13 The English Catholic Community and the Jesuit Mission ………………………………………15 The Appropriation of Print……………………………………………………………………….22 Negotiating English Cultural Identity …………………………………………………………...30 III. Chapter Two………………………………………………………………………………….58 Postcolonialism in Early Modern Scholarship…………………………………………………...60 Valignano’s Historia and Sumario………………………………………………………………65 Forms of Colonialism……………………………………………………………………………69 Defining the European and the Other……………………………………………………………80 Japan through Valignano’s Eyes…………………………………………………………………94 IV. Chapter Three………………………………………………………………………………118 The Global Jesuit Mission……………………………………………………………………...119 Envisioning the Other across the World………………………………………………………..124 Taming the Barbarian…………………………………………………………………………..140 The Power to Translate………………………………………………………………………....160 V. Chapter Four………………………………………………………………………………...182 Narratives and Counter-narratives……………………………………………………………...183 The Narrative of Martyrdom……………………………………………………………………186 The Death of Edmund Campion………………………………………………………………..191 Narrating Campion: Traitor or Martyr?.......................................................................................193 The Death of Hosokawa Tama Gracia………………………………………………………….221 Narrating Gracia: Dutiful Wife or Christian Martyr?..................................................................224