REACHINREACHINGG AA NENEWW UNDERSTANDINUNDERSTANDINGG OOFF THTIlEE ANDALUSIANDALUSl 'ULAMA'ULAMA'OFTIlE' OF THE TAIFTAIFAA KINGKINGSS ERERAA (1013-1086(1013-1086)) bbyy WilliaWilliamm MM.. MalMalczyckczyckii A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted ttoo ththee facultfacultyy ooff thethe UniversityUniversity ooff UtahUtah iinn partiapartiall fulfillmentfulfillment ooff ththee requirementrequirementss foforr ththe degredegreee ofof MasterMaster ooff ArtsArts inm MiddleMiddle EastEast StudiesStudies -~ HistoryHistory DepartmentDepartment ofof LanguaLanguagegess andand LiteratureLiterature TheThe UUniversitniversityy ofof UtahUtah AugustAugust 20012001 CopyCopyrighrightt © WilliaWilliamm MM.. MalczyckMalczyckii 20012001 AllAll RightRightss ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by William. M. Malczycki This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. ���v� . Chair: Peter von Sivers Peter Sluglett ,),I t(/� ( rj Bernard Weiss THE UNIVERSITYOF UTAH FINAL READING APPROVAL To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah: I have read the thesis of William M. MalCk)'ckiin its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee ad is ready for submission to The Graduate School. Ij"--:-9 --()( /JIAA/!tly( cA0$0'1 Date Peter von Sivers Chair, Supervisory Committee Approved for the Major Department /l.llV'.... L I . I r LV' _"E..-­ " Ibrahim Karawan Director of the Middle East Center Approved for the Graduate Council ��David S.S'.CJ2�--. Chapman Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACABSTRACTT TheThe purpospurposee ooff thithiss thesithesiss iiss ttoo re-examinre-examinee ththee AndalusAndalusii 'ulama' ofof ththee taifataifa kingskings ereraa (1013-1086)(1013-1086) iinn aann efforteffort ttoo bettebetterr understanunderstandd howhow thetheyy vieweviewedd ththee taifataifa politicapoliticall systemsystem.. ThThee mainmain argumenargumentt ooff thithiss thesithesiss iiss thathatt onconcee a newnew understandinunderstandingg ofof ththee politicapoliticall viewviewss ooff ththee ulamulamaa iiss obtainedobtained,, itit wilwilll bbee possiblpossiblee toto looklook aatt ththee historiographhistoriographyy ofof ththee taiftaifaa kingkingss eraera frofromm a neneww perspectiveperspective.. ThisThis argumenargumentt restrestss onon a divisiondivision ooff ththee ulamulamaa intointo twtwoo categories:categories: "mosque"mosque ulama"ulama" anandd "palace"palace ulamaulama"" respectively.respectively. ThThee reasoreasonn forfor categorizincategorizingg ththee ulamulamaa thithiss wawayy iiss thathatt thetheyy havehave heretoforheretoforee beebeenn vieweviewedd asas a mormoree oorr leslesss homogeneouhomogeneouss grougroupp thathatt sharesharedd aa commoncommon attitudeattitude towartowardd taiftaifaa politicspolitics.. EssentiallyEssentially,, historianhistorianss ooff thithiss perioperiodd havehave assumedassumed thathatt ththee AndalusAndalusii ulamulamaa werweree hostilhostilee ttoo ththee taiftaifaa systemsystem.. AAss isis demonstrateddemonstrated iinn thithiss thesisthesis,, thithiss wawass nonott ththee case.case. IndividuaIndividuall membermemberss ooff thethe ulamulamaa approachedapproached ththee taiftaifaa systesystemm inin a numbenumberr ooff differendifferentt waysways,, nonott alalll ofof whicwhichh werweree hostilehostile.. ThereforeTherefore,, ththee assumptionassumption thathatt thethe ulamulamaa ooff ththee taiftaifaa kingskings eraera werweree opposeopposedd ttoo ththee taiftaifaa systesystemm seemseemss ttoo bbee erroneous.erroneous. IItt isis ththee goalgoal ofof thisthis thesithesiss ttoo ggoo somsomee wawayy towartowardd reachinreachingg a neneww understandinunderstandingg ooff ththee AndalusiAndalusi ulamulamaa ofof thithiss perioperiodd anandd therebtherebyy suggessuggestt a differendifferentt wawayy ooff approachinapproachingg thethe historhistoryy ofof thethe taifataifa kingkingss era.era. TABLTABLEE OOFF CONTENTSCONTENTS ABSTRACABSTRACTT .................................................................................................................... iviv ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENTSS ........................................................................................... Vllvii , ChapteChapterr I.I. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION:: PURPOSEPURPOSE,, SCOPESCOPE,, ANANDD SOURCESSOURCES ................................. 11 PurposPurposee ............................................................................................................... 11 ScopeScope ................................................................................................................... 55 PrimarPrimaryy andand SecondarSecondaryy SourcesSources .. ........... ...... ................................................ 1111 SummarySummary .......................................................................................................... 2525 II.II. HISTORICAI-IISTORICALL BACKGROUNBACKGROUNDD ........................................................................ 2727 TheThe Arab-BerbeArab-Berberr ConquesConquestt ofof IberiIberiaa andand ththee UmayyaUmayyadd CaliphateCaliphate ofof CordobaCordoba ............................................................ 2727 ThThee RisRisee ofof thethe 'ArniridI Amiridss andand ththee FalFalll ooff ththee CaliphateCaliphate ooff CordobCordobaa ........ 3535 III.III. THETHE TAIF A SYSTEMSYSTEM 1013-1069:1013-1069: COMPETITNECOMPETITIVE POLITICPOLITICSS ....................... 4141 IVIV.. EXTERNAEXTERNALL PRESSUREPRESSURESS ONON THTHEE TAIF A SYSTEMSYSTEM:: ALFONSALFONSOO VVII OFOF LEON-CASTILLE6N-CASTILEE ANANDD IBIBNN TASHUFIN,TASHUFIN, THTHEE ALMORAVIALMORAVID D EMIEMIRR ...... _.. 5050 Leon-CastilLe6n-Castilee inin ththee EleventEleventhh Century:Century: AlfonsAlfonsoo VPVI'ss RisRisee ttoo PowePowerr ........ 5050 ThThee AlmoravidAlmoravidss andand IbIbnn Tashutm'sTashufin's JihadJihad ................................................... 6161 SummarySummary .......................................................................................................... 7070 VV.. THETHE TAIFTAIFAA SYSTEMSYSTEM 1069-1086:1069-1086: FROMFROM COMPETITIOCOMPETITIONN TTOO RELUCTANTRELUCTANT COOPERATIOCOOPERATIONN ................. ........... ............. ........................................................ 7171 TheThe InformalInformal AlliancAlliancee ofof BadajozBadajoz,, GranadaGranada,, anandd ToledToledoo 1069-741069-74 ............ 7171 CasCasee HistorieHistoriess ........................................................................ ................... ....... 7575 SummarySummary .......................................................................................................... 9090 VIVI.. THTHEE EVOLUTIOEVOLUTIONN OOFF THTHEE MOSQUMOSQUEE ULAMULAMAA OOFF AL-ANAL-ANDALUSD ALUS .......... 9292 ThThee AndalusAndalusii UlamUlamaa ttoo 10010088 .......................................................................... 9292 MainstreaMainstreamm SunnSunnii LegaLegall TheorTheoryy RegardinRegardingg ththee ImamatImamatee (Caliphate(Caliphate)) . 105105 SummarSummaryy ........................................................................................................ 109109 VIIVII.. THTHEE MOSQUMOSQUEE ULAMULAMAA AFTEAFTERR 10851085:: POLITICAPOLITICALL ACTIVISACTMSMM .............. 111Ill IntroductioIntroductionn ................................................................................................... 111Ill CasCasee HistorieHistoriess ..... .... ...... ........ .... .............. ......................... ........ ...... ....... ...... ... 114114 SummarSummary..................y .... ...................... ..................... ....................................... 137137 VIIIVIII.. CONCLUSIOCONCLUSIONN ............................................................................................. 137137 SummarSummaryy ........................................................................................................ 139139 ImplicationImplicationss foforr FuturFuturee HistoricaHistoricall ResearcResearchh oonn ththee TaifTaifaa KingKingss ErEraa ..... 141141 SELECTESELECTEDD BIBLIOGRAPHBIBLIOGRAPHYY ................................................................................ 142142 vivi ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENTSS ThiThiss thesithesiss woulwouldd nonott havhavee beebeenn possiblpossiblee withouwithoutt ththee dedicationdedication andand assistanceassistance ofof a numbenumberr ooff institutionsinstitutions anandd peoplepeople.. MMyy thankthankss ggoo ttoo thethe UniversityUniversity ooff UtaUtahh MiddlMiddlee EasEastt CenteCenterr anandd ththee DepartmenDepartmentt ooff HistoryHistory,, botbothh ofof whicwhichh patientlpatientlyy awaiteawaitedd ththee completioncompletion ooff thithiss thesisthesis.. I wilwilll alwaysalways bbee indebtedindebted ttoo BarbarBarbaraa andand BilBilll FugitFugittt whwhoo madmadee mmyy academicacademic careecareerr possiblepossible.. I thankthank ProfessorProfessorss LindsaLindsayy AdamsAdams,, SoheilaSoheila AmirsoleimaniAmirsoleimani,, HusseiHusseinn ElkhafaifiElkhafaifi,, IbrahimIbrahim KarawanKarawan,, HarrisHarris LenowitzLenowitz,, GlenGlen Olsen,Olsen, andand HakaHakann YavuYavuzz foforr ththee supporsupportt theythey havehave givengiven mmee durinduringg mmyy graduategraduate