TheThe longlong ShiShi’’ii CenturyCentury Shrine of ‘Ali at Kerbala AfterAfter thethe AbbasidsAbbasids TheThe newnew shapeshape ofof thethe caliphatecaliphate EconomicEconomic transformationstransformations –– iqtaiqta systemsystem TheThe militarymilitary –– ghulamghulam ConversionConversion ReligiousReligious factionalismfactionalism FromFrom ‘‘AlidsAlids toto ShiShi’’aa TheThe threethree typestypes –– IsmailiIsmaili (7ers),(7ers), ImamiImami (12ers),(12ers), ZaydisZaydis FromFrom ‘‘AlidsAlids toto ShiShi’’aa (cont.)(cont.) NotionNotion ofof thethe ImamateImamate OccultationOccultation ((ghaybaghayba)) andand thethe mahdimahdi ShiiteShiite specificspecific doctrinesdoctrines SunniSunni identityidentity inin oppositionopposition –– AbbasidAbbasid caliphalcaliphal supportsupport (al(al--QadirQadir r.r. 991991--1031)1031) andand thethe GhaznavidsGhaznavids TheThe ShiiteShiite DynastiesDynasties BuyidsBuyids (12er?)(12er?) HamdanidsHamdanids (12er)(12er) QarmatiansQarmatians ((IsmailiIsmaili –– nono mahdimahdi)) FatimidsFatimids ((IsmailiIsmaili -- mahdimahdi)) TheThe BuyidsBuyids (930s(930s--1040s)1040s) OriginsOrigins inin DaylamDaylam ThreeThree kingdomskingdoms –– BaghdadBaghdad (Iraq),(Iraq), Fars,Fars, RayyRayy andand alal--JibalJibal RoleRole ofof thethe wizirwizir andand statusstatus asas amiramir alal- - umaraumara ’’ FederationFederation oror Empire?Empire? MilitaryMilitary rulerule byby ethnicethnic outsidersoutsiders ‘‘AdudAdud alal--DawlaDawla (d.(d. 983)983) TheThe problematicproblematic worldworld ofof BaghdadBaghdad –– TurkishTurkish associationassociation withwith SunniSunni causecause HamdanidsHamdanids (10(10thth c.)c.) OriginsOrigins inin thethe BanuBanu TaghlibTaghlib (Syrian(Syrian JaziraJazira)) TwoTwo mainmain centerscenters –– MosulMosul ((NasirNasir alal-- DawlaDawla )) andand AleppoAleppo ((SayfSayf alal--DawlaDawla)) ImportanceImportance ofof thethe ghilmanghilman (s.(s. ghulamghulam)) RelationsRelations withwith BaghdadBaghdad andand EgyptEgypt –– politicalpolitical straddlingstraddling ProblemsProblems ofof thethe jihadjihad QarmatiansQarmatians PoliticalPolitical dissidentsdissidents –– rebellingrebelling againstagainst thethe weakenedweakened ‘‘AbbasidAbbasid statestate BaseBase inin SyrianSyrian steppe,steppe, laterlater BahraynBahrayn ((HasaHasa )) TheThe missionarymissionary modelmodel 899899 breakbreak withwith thethe IsmailiIsmaili FatimidsFatimids AA democraticdemocratic state?state? TheThe FatimidFatimid CaliphateCaliphate UbaydUbayd AllahAllah assumesassumes mantlemantle ofof thethe mahdimahdi MissionizingMissionizing successsuccess inin NorthNorth AfricaAfrica EstablishmentEstablishment ofof CaliphateCaliphate andand capitalcapital ofof MahdiyyaMahdiyya BerberBerber supportsupport essentialessential SightsSights setset onon EgyptEgypt –– butbut mustmust firstfirst controlcontrol thethe MaghribMaghrib 969969 JawharJawhar (general)(general) finallyfinally takestakes EgyptEgypt –– alal-- QahiraQahira isis foundedfounded MahdiyyaMahdiyya TheThe FatimidFatimid DynastyDynasty AfterAfter thethe EgyptianEgyptian ConquestConquest The Syrian problem – i.e. what to do with the Qaramita th Late 11th century control outside of Egypt challenged by Turks Late 11 century control outside of Egypt challenged by Turks (Levant), Zirids and Banu Hilal (N. Africa) th 12th c. Crusader threats 1169-1171 fall to the Ayyubid dynasty 1169 -1171 fall to the Ayyubid dynasty .