Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies The fields of peace and conflict studies have grown exponentially since their initiation in Scandinavia about a half century ago by Johan Galtung. They have forged a transdisciplinary and professional identity distinct from security studies, political science and International Relations. The Routledge Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies offers a cutting-edge and transdisciplinary overview of the main issues, debates, state-of-the-art methods and key concepts in peace and conflict studies today. The volume is divided into four sections, commencing with ‘Under- standing and Transforming Conflict’, moving sequentially through ‘Creating Peace’ and ‘Sup- porting Peace’, and culminating with ‘Peace Across the Disciplines’. Each section features new essays by distinguished international scholars and/or professionals working in peace studies and conflict resolution and transformation. Drawing from a wide range of theoretical, method- ological and political positions, the editors and contributors offer topical and enduring approaches to peace and conflict studies. This book will be essential reading for students of peace studies, conflict studies and conflict resolution. It will also be of interest and use to practitioners in conflict resolution and NGOs, as well as policymakers and diplomats. Charles Webel is currently Fulbright Senior Specialist in Peace and Conflict Studies. During 2005, he was Director of the Centre of Peace Studies and a professor of social science at the University of Tromsø, Norway. He is the author of Terror, Terrorism, and the Human Condition (2005) and co-author with David P. Barash of Peace and Conflict Studies (2002). Johan Galtung is widely acknowledged as the founder of peace studies and peace research. He has published extensively in these fields. He is currently co-director of TRANSCEND, a global network of peace scholars and conflict transformers. Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies Edited by Charles Webel and Johan Galtung First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routedge 270 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Selection and editorial matter Charles Webel and Johan Galtung; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Handbook of peace and conflict studies / edited by Charles Webel and Johan Galtung. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Peace-building. 2. Conflict management. I. Webel, Charles. II. Galtung, Johan. JZ5538.H36 2007 303.6′6—dc22 2006027025 ISBN 0-203-08916-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–39665–4 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–203–08916–2 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–39665–3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–08916–3 (ebk) Contents List of Illustrations viii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 1 Introduction: toward a philosophy and metapsychology of peace 3 Charles Webel 2 Introduction: peace by peaceful conflict transformation – the TRANSCEND approach 14 Johan Galtung Part 1: Understanding and transforming conflict 3 Negotiation and international conflict 35 Fen Osler Hampson, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela R. Aall 4 Mediation 51 Sara Horowitz 5 Former Yugoslavia and Iraq: a comparative analysis of international conflict mismanagement 64 Jan Oberg 6 Peace studies and peace politics: multicultural common security in North–South conflict situations 86 Kinhide Mushakoji v CONTENTS 7 Disarmament and survival 94 Marc Pilisuk 8 Nuclear disarmament 106 David Krieger Part 2: Creating peace 9 Counselling and training for conflict transformation and peace-building: the TRANSCEND approach 123 Wilfried Graf, Gudrun Kramer and Augustin Nicolescou 10 Nonviolence: more than the absence of violence 143 Jørgen Johansen 11 Human rights and peace 160 Jim Ife 12 Reconciliation 173 Joanna Santa-Barbara 13 Peace as a self-regulating process 187 Dietrich Fischer Part 3: Supporting peace 14 Gender and peace: towards a gender-inclusive, holistic perspective 209 Tony Jenkins and Betty A. Reardon 15 Peace business: an introduction 232 Jack Santa-Barbara 16 Peace Journalism 248 Jake Lynch and Annabel McGoldrick 17 Peace psychology: theory and practice 265 Antonella Sapio and Adriano Zamperini 18 Rethinking peace education 279 Alicia Cabezudo and Magnus Haavelsrud Part 4: Peace across the disciplines 19 Peace studies as a transdisciplinary project 299 Chadwick F. Alger vi CONTENTS 20 The spirit of war and the spirit of peace: understanding the role of religion 319 Graeme MacQueen 21 International law: amid power, order and justice 333 Richard Falk 22 The language-games of peace 345 Anat Biletzki 23 Peace and the arts 355 Patrick McCarthy 24 Peace through health? 367 Neil Arya Part 5: Conclusion 25 Peace and conflict studies: looking back, looking forward 397 Johan Galtung and Charles Webel Index 401 vii List of Illustrations Tables 2.1 Peace by peaceful conflict transformation: a TRANSCEND model 17 2.2 Ten faultline dimensions and two levels of organization 21 2.3 Peace: negative and positive, direct, structural, cultural 31 13.1 Eight components of peace 188 13.2 Some examples of positive and negative feedback loops 189 13.3 Six defects of a feedback system, with possible remedies 192 13.4 Some potential remedies against the six basic defects in social feedback systems 203 15.1 Traditional and peace business paradigms 242 16.1 Galtung’s table 251 17.1 Differences between traditional psychology and peace psychology 269 19.1 Functions appearing in names of UN Systems agencies 305 Figures 11.1 Rights and responsibilities: individual and collective 169 17.1 Three interactional responses to an attack 273 17.2 Interactive-emotional model 275 18.1 Relationships in time and space 281 18.2 The dialectics between theory and practice 285 19.1 Emergence of peace tools in the League of Nations and the UN system 302 23.1 Paradise Now, silkscreen and paint on canvas 365 24.1 Peace through health working model 379 24.2 Breaking the chain of war: medical peace action in a framework of prevention 383 viii Notes on Contributors Pamela R. Aall is Vice President for Education at the US Institute of Peace. She is also President of Women in International Security, an organization dedicated to promoting the visibility and influence of women in foreign affairs. With Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson, she is co-editor of several books, including Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (2001) and Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict (2005). She also is co-author of Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases (2004) and the Guide to IGOs, NGOs and the Military in Peace and Relief Operations (2000). Her research interests include mediation in inter- and intra-state conflicts, non-official organizations in conflict man- agement and resolution, and the role of education in exacerbating conflict and promoting reconciliation. Chadwick F. Alger is Mershon Professor of Political Science and Public Policy Emeritus, the Ohio State University. His research and teaching has focused on three linked themes. First is the development of long-term strategies for peace-building. He was Secretary General of the International Peace Research Association from 1984 to 1987. Second is the expanding peace- building roles of some 30 organizations in the UN system, with special interest in the roles of NGOs/civil society. For a number of years he conducted extensive field research at the UN Headquarters in New York City and at the headquarters of the UN and UN Specialized Agencies in Geneva, Switzerland. Third is the world relations of people and organizations in local communities. He is author of The United Nations System: A Reference Manual (2006) and editor of The Future of the UN System: Potential for the Twenty First Century (1998). He was President of the International Studies Association, 1978–79. Neil Arya is a family doctor involved with projects on violence reduction in El Salvador (post- conflict) and mental health in Palestine (active conflict). He has been a lecturer on Peace through Health both at McMaster and the University of Waterloo, and holds academic posi- tions in Environment and Resource Studies at the University of Waterloo, and Family Medicine both at McMaster University and the University of Western Ontario. He has served as President of Physicians for Global Survival and Vice President of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. Dr Arya has published on health effects of small arms and ix NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS nuclear weapons, peace through health, a health-based model of security, as well as various health and environmental issues. He is co-editor of a book with Joanna Santa Barbara on Peace through Health (forthcoming). Anat Biletzki is Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University and was a former chairperson of B’Tselem – the Israeli Information Centre for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. Professor Biletzki’s research interests range from Wittgenstein and Hobbes to analytic phil- osophy, political thought and human rights. Her professional and philosophical activities con- verge in the area of human rights and she is often invited abroad – for public lecturing, for seminars at human rights conferences, for interviews, and for meetings with human rights counterparts all over the world.