Today’s Schedule Tuesday, October 4th (2:30 to 3:50) • Socrative Review Answers (student assignments) • Sovereignty, U.S. Government: Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, etc. • Review for Midterm Exam (100 points, Rescheduled to Oct. 13th) • On-line Quiz (10 points) due Oct. 4th before class. Objectives 1. To compare and contrast the following documents from both United States vs. Tribal citizenship: Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, U.S. Constitution, and Bill of Rights. 2. To evaluate the chronological relationship among the Proclamation Line, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, U.S. Constitution, and Bill of Rights. 3. To describe the role of Iroquois Confederacy with the French and Indian War and American Revolution. Timeline • 1492 Columbus arrives in New World • 1493-94 Line of Demarcation • 1778 the new government of 13 states (Articles • 1607 English Colonist arrive in North of Confederation) enters into its first America at Jamestown, VA treaty of alliance with Delaware Indians • 1608 French colonists claim Quebec • July 13, 1786 the Northwest Ordinance was • 1612 French encounter Anishinabe enacted, stating "the utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the • 1620 English colonist arrive in Plymouth, MA Indians . in their property, rights, and • 1680 Pueblo Indians revolt against the liberty they shall never be disturbed." Spanish in the American southwest. • 1797 Pembina Fur Trading Post is established • 1682 French explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur by Charles Baptiste Chaboillez of the de La Salle travels the Mississippi Northwest Fur Company River. • 1801 Alexander Henry (the Elder) re-establishes • 1754-1763 French and Indian War. It’s a a post at Pembina with the Chippewa struggle between the English and Indians French for control of North America. • 1803 United States purchases the Louisiana • 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion in the Ohio Valley Territory from France • 1763 British King established the • 1804-1806 Lewis, Clark and Sacajawea travel Proclamation Line recognizing Indian through Indian Country Country west of the Appalachian • 1808 to 1812 Tecumseh, Chief of the Shawnee, Mountains (Angers British colonists) and his brother, known as The Prophet, • 1776, July 4th the English colonists in founded Prophetstown and organized a America declare independence from defensive confederacy of Indian tribes British King (grievances toward King) THE ORGINS OF THE PEMBINA BAND OF CHIPPEWA In the late 1780’s bands of Chippewa (with some Ottawa, Cree, Assiniboine, and their Metis relatives) appeared in the lower reaches of the valley of the Red River of the North and its northern tributaries. Over two decades they extended their hunting Woodlands territories first westward, and Great then south to tributaries of Plains the Red River rich in furred game, and to the prairies where large game, especially the buffalo, was abundant. Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Woodland and Plains Ojibwa. Woodland Ojibwa Plains Ojibwa CULTURAL FACTORS 1. Dietary practices Buffalo Fish, wild rice, maple 2. Housing sugar corn construction deer Hide tipis and log cabins 3. Transportation Birch barck tipis and berries 4. Spirituality wigwams 5. Clothing dog sleds Horses and Red River Carts (Charette) 6. Others Birchbark canoe, dog and sleds and walking walking Plains Sundance (Thirsty-dance) Midewiwin Society Sweat lodge Mostly cloth and Buckskin clothing and some buckskin some cloth clothing Bows and Arrows Guns Who did the Anishinabe mostly Who did the Anishinabe mostly trade with before 1754? trade with after 1763? Anishinabe Anishinabe Country Country Indians and Horses The Spanish were the first Europeans to bring horses to the Americas. In the 1600’s some of these horses escaped and became the wild mustangs that flourished on the grasslands of the Great Plains. By the 1700’s the Indians of the Great Plains adapted the horse to their cultures and became some the world’s greatest horse- people. Horse trading and stealing became a common practice among Indian tribes. Prior Information Covered in this History Course: Western Christian Hierarchy Philosophy God Heaven Angels Pope-clergy Monarch (Royalty) Peasants/Serf Animals Plants Soil-dirt, waste, etc. Satan – Devil, Evil (Hell) Doctrine of Discovery Doctrine of Discovery: Papal Bulls (documents issued by the Pope) of the 15th century gave Christian explorers the right to claim lands they "discovered" and to lay claim of those lands for the Christian Monarchs (kings and queens). Any land that was not inhabited by Divine Right: Christians was available to be Kings and "discovered", claimed, and Queens held exploited. power based on the concept of divine right If the "pagan" inhabitants could be (inherited converted, they might be spared. If power from God). not, they could be enslaved or killed. Pope Julius II Judeo-Christianity Western Christian Hierarchy Divine Right (monarch) Doctrine of Discovery Authoritarian leadership Representative (republic) government Private land ownership Line of Demarcation The Line of Demarcation was a line drawn by Pope Alexander VI in 1493- 1494 to assign colonial spheres of interest to the Catholic Kingdoms of Portugal and Spain. Portugal was assigned Africa, parts of eastern Catholic Theologians Asia, the East Indies and debate whether Indians what is now Brazil. are humans (Why does it matters?) Spain was assigned the Americas, except that area of present day Brazil, and the Philippines. A typical scene if trade and or treaty making among English colonial governments and American Indians. The Quakers (Protestant Christians) were especially committed to dealing in good faith with Indian tribes. Most early treaties were made with the primary purpose to secure peace (alliances). Tribal Sovereignty is the inherent right or power to govern. The colonial and later the U.S. Government recognized the sovereign status of the tribes. However, under the concept of the doctrine of discovery Europeans claimed dominion John Eckohawk over all the territories of the new world, which lessen the degree of sovereignty of tribes. Today tribal sovereignty means: 1) Indian tribes possess inherent governmental power over all internal affairs; 2) The states are precluded from interfering with the tribes in their self-government; and 3) Congress has plenary power to limit tribal sovereignty (based on a US Supreme Court interpretation) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) The introduction of alcohol in the later years of the fur trade era caused havoc among the Anishinabe and other tribes. Painting by Peter Rindisbacher Painting by Peter Rindisbacher Inside a Metis Lodge/Tipi This was painted by Peter Rindisbacher in the 1820's in the Red River area. It shows a man with a whip dressed in a blue capote elaborated decorated with multicolored ribbons, an assumption sash, red trousers with ornamented cuffs, garters below the knees, mitts joined by a red string and a type of head covering (either a cap or a toque). The sled dogs were decorated for the wedding party. Each dog is dressed with a blanket decorated with beads, ribbon, pom-poms and bells . The cariole (sled) is made of buckskin and leather. This was a party travelling between Winnipeg and St. Paul, MN. 1. Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) • List of Grievances against monarchy • Written by Thomas Jefferson • All men are created equal… • democracy/republic was a revolutionary concept; monarchies were most common • Some tribes fought with the United States 2. Articles of Confederation (1777-1787) • 13 nations (states) with sovereign powers • First government of the United States • Loose alliance among 13 states • Single branch of government (legislative) • Treaty with the Delaware Indians promising representation in the new congress 3. U.S. Constitution (1787-2015 • Contract between the people (governed) and government • Preamble – purpose of document/contract • Seven Articles – Framework of government • Article I, Section 8, Clause 2: James Madison To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; • Article VI: This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 4. Bill of Rights (First Ten Amendments) 1791 • Individual freedom protections against the potential abuse of the federal government • Political factions (leads to party-system) • 14th Amendment applied Bill of Rights to state governments for protection against state government abuse. What to do about the Indian tribes who have a different historical origin than all others who came to the Americas? Indians are an oddity, dilemma, a problem…because they don’t fit into the creeds (dogma) of the United States. Throughout United States history political leaders have pondered on what to do about Indians. This dilemma is played out in laws, executive orders, judicial acts and other governmental and cultural practices as Federal- Indian policy. From this point on the TMBC history will be tied to federal Indian policy. Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) All men and created equal…. (Indians viewed all of life equal…) U.S. Constitution… We the People (Indians had freedoms and democratic governments the preceded