ا # $ ا زا$# ےا # #ے' )#'#ے )!* 1. The Vocative. O Vocative! What art thou? The vocative case denotes address or invocation. ai]. When] َاے Urdu uses several vocative markers. Perhaps the most of these markers is invoking singular objects, any marked masculine nouns and adjectives in the vocative phrase .Feminine nouns do not change . ے must change to ہ or ا ,must be put into the oblique. That is o] is added. Many Urdu speakers nasalize the] و When the invoked object is plural, the suffix :oṅ], but this is not considered standard. Examples] ںو vocative as ا#1۔١ # ر#2 ← ےا # #ے1 2 ر [!O my friend] ۔٢ #1#ے 2 ر ← ےا # #ے1 2 ر و [!O my friends] Then . ےا by Ahmad Faraz and underline all instances of the vocative marker ےا # #ے' ) a) Scan scan it again and double-underline any nouns that are in the vocative. اے b) Change into the vocative using the marker ا#1۔١ # #ود6 ← ےا # #ے1 د و6د#1#ے ۔٢ ا#1 # 78 ← ۔٣ ا1# # 2 ر ← ۔٤ ا1# # ﷲا ← ۔٥ ا1# # ا= ← ۔٦ ا#1 # لد ← ۔٧ #ى1# ںB ← ۔٨ىD# 1 ← ۔٩ ى#1 # نF ← H/۔#1ى#زJI ← c) Change the following nominative plural nouns into the vocative. ##1۔١ے #ود6 ← ےا # #ے1 د Kود#1#ے ۔٢ #1#ے 78 ← ۔٣ #1#ے 2 ر ← #۔1٤ے LM ← ۔٥ #ىD## #1 ← .from the singular to the plural ےا # #ےd) Change all of the vocatives in ( 1 2. The past progressive. Read the following chart, which reviews the past progressive tense of the verb FN [jānā] (to go). #F# FO# O ر# PR#S#Qر T1st person, singularc #d#RgF# # F dر # #fرT1st person, pluralc e پآ # e#F#f# # Fپآر Rر #T2n person, politec g #رk#Fg#R #ر#T2nl person, familiarc k#Fef #PQر##Fo #ر#T2nl person, intimatec FSo#R ہو #رF#RS# ہو #P #Fر #Tprl person, singularc Q ہو #رFg#R# ہو #ر#Tprl person, pluralc #Fef .to find examples of the past progressive and underline them ےا # #ےa) Scan ( 1 past progressive tense using the ےا # #ےb) Conjugate the verbs that you found while searching ( 1 following pronouns. Conjugate in both the masculine and feminine genders. The first has been done for you. O گآ # s r # ر S # R گآ # s r # ر P#Q # Pر#rs#گ ___________________ ___________________ d پآ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ k ___________________ ___________________ o ہو ___________________ ___________________ ہو [pl] ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ t ___________________ ___________________ [pl] t c) In pairs, conjugate the following verbs in the past progressive using to the chart above to guide you. مyvz }د uN# |N N F آu#xN Nمv د NFN denā] (to give). The grammatical distinction between] د Transitive verbs compounded with .3 transitive verbs (those which take an object) and intransitive (those which do not take an object) is quite useful in Urdu, because, except for a few special cases, it tells us which Urdu verbs require that their subject be marked with ~ in the perfective past tenses and which do not. verbs require an object, while [ ﮯﻧ ] ”Consider the following examples. Note that transitive “ne intransitive “non-ne” verbs do not. #O#~# O آ 2O~ u2 2آ# #v |O#~2# O م # • #2|# to give a sense of د In Urdu, many transitive “ne” verbs are compounded with the verb completion or the fulfillment of an expectation. Grammarians often tell us that in such cases, the completion of the action implies that the benefit does not lie with the doer of the action. Thus: #~#O#~# [I read] y€ O ھy # د I read aloud (to someone else)] 2] #~#O#~# [I told] 2 O # د I told (implies completion)] 2] Then, in the . د and underline an example of a transitive verb combined with ےا &' ) a) Scan space provided, write the line in which the verb appears. _______________________ The following constructions include transitive verbs . د b) Recognizing verbs compounded with .and write the simple form in the space provided د Remove . د compounded with سا #~# € # د 2 ← __ سا #~# €2 __ #O # د ںو # … ← _______________ اس#~# ُر#دe2 ← _______________ from the verb and reread the line. With د remove the compounding , ےا # #ےc) Returning to ( 1 .changes the meaning of the line د your teacher, discuss how the presence or absence of Practice the mechanics of forming compound verbs by . د d) Compounding transitive verbs with changing the following phrases according to the pattern. #O# O #ںںؤؤ …O# ← # #J # د #ں#Oو د…# ںو # J#ں … #ود## ← d### پآ # # # ← ##ؤ#k ← ← …#o## ##ہو… ← وہ# • # # ← #~#O د O#~# ← # 2 #ےد د 2د#د## ##d~ 2د # ← پآ # ~ # د 2 # ← ##k~ 2د # ← o#2د#~ # ← سا #~# د 2 # ← اں #~# د 2 # ← "! # ر % ض%ر#" $' ى$ +)* 1. Postpositions and obliqueness. ā)] are modified) ا or ه a. When marked masculine adjectives and singular nouns [those ending in by Fahmida Riyaz, find an $' ى e)]. Scan) ے] by a postposition, they take the oblique form example of this, and write the phrase in which it appears in the space provided. ___________________________ b. For each of the following examples, first read the phrase the right, then add the postposition - [ko] (to) and change the phrase accordingly. The first has been done for you. 12#۔١ا0 ← ا # 14# #1#- 6 ۔٢ا # 12 ← 8 ا۔٣ # 12 ← ;۔٤: # 12 ← #0۔٥ا ہ= ← ۔٦ا6 ہ=# ← ۔8٧ ا # ہ= ← ;۔٨: # ہ= ← Unmarked singular masculine nouns do not change when followed by a postposition. Read the following phrases and change them according to the pattern. ۔١#Aا0 ← ا # A#- # A# 6 ۔٢ا A# ← 8 ۔٣ا A# ← ۔٤;: A# ← #۔0٥ا م2 ← ۔٦ا6 # م2 ← 8 ا۔٧ # م2 ← ۔٨;: # م2 ← Similarly, feminine adjectives and feminine singular nouns do not change when followed by a postposition. Read the following phrases, then add a postposition, following the pattern. 1D#ا۔C١ ← ا # 1D # - #1 ى۔1D # 6٢ ← ى۔1D # 8٣ ← ۔1D # :E٤ ← ا۔F C٥# ← ۔٦ىF 6# ← ى۔F 8٧# ← ۔F :E٨# ← . ںو Two uses of the plural .2 a. In almost all circumstances, when a postposition modifies a singular noun, that noun must take oṅ]. Read aloud the following chart, which demonstrates the ways in which] ںو the oblique plural .is added to Urdu marked and unmarked masculine and feminine plural nouns ںو 1#ود4 ← ود -#-ں1#و ود د#J ← ود#Jںود -# دJو ود K#1ں ← L#1#-ںود رN#Mود ← ود -#OںرM#و : ںو Note that in phrases involving adjectives and nouns, only the noun takes ود # 1#ا4#3 ← ود -#-ں1#ا#3و ود د#اJ#3 ← ود ود#اJں#3 -# داں3و ود K#1اں#C ← ود -#1#اLں#Cو رM#اNودC ← ود -#OںرM#ا#Cو . ںو Scan the poem by Fahmida Riyaz to find a plural noun, modified by a postposition, ending in Write the phrase in the space provided: ___________________________ b. Following the patter, change the following plural nouns from the nominative to the oblique. ودP ← #ود#QRSDں # و#QS د ← ← 14 1Kں ← ← JI $Mت ← اد ← ← Y # WX داZ ← ← [\ c. Remember that all elements of a noun phrase in which a postposition is used must be in the oblique. This in includes pronouns that take an oblique form. Study the following chart. 12#[ ← اِس-#41# 1#[4 ← اِن#1-ں#- ہو 12# ← اُس-#41# 1#ہو4 ← اُن#1-ں#- d. Change the following using the postposition 4#b [ke bād] (after). The first has been done for you. 12#[ ← اِسb#4#41# ہو #12 ← ← 4]#1 1#ہو4 ← ← D]#1 K]#1ں ← ہو D#1 ← K#1ںہو ← *c # د وP ← ,c # د و P ← indicates indefiniteness and is used ںو ,e. In the case of numbers and measurements of time in Fahmida Riyaz’s poem and write it in ںو without a postposition. Find an example of this use of the space provided. dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd is used without ںو ,In the case of indefinite or uncountable numbers and measurements of time .3 in Fahmida Riyaz’s poem and write it in the ںو a postposition. Find an example of this use of .is used in this way ںو space provided. Ask your teacher to share examples of idioms in which "! ا $ !"$ا" &% " ' ا ق " با " * " ,+ ا"قا'"& -#. 1. Negative imperatives. TThere are two common ways to negate an imperative in Urdu. The first, * [na], is generally considered less forceful than its counterpart, / [mat]. Study the following chart, which reviews five ways in which Urdu forms and negates imperatives. Note the [ 01 " 2 " 4د " that in some cases [ 5 "*"8 7/" ← 8 6"*" 7/" ← 6 "*": 7/" ← : 9"*" 7/" ← 9 "*"< 7/" ← < ;"*" 7/" ← ; "*"2 7/" ← 2 ="*" 7/" ← = "*"? 7/" ← ? >"*" 7/" ← > In pairs, practice negating the following verbs in all five of the forms written above. 1@ 1آ C 2 د " 1B 01 ا I G F E1ر -and underline all imperatives. Note any negative imperatives with a double &% #'ق b. Scan underline. Ignoring issues of meter, replace * with / or vice versa and discuss how this changes the meaning or sense of the phrase. Still ignoring issues of meter, practice changing the imperatives from negative to positive and positive to negative. Discuss how these changes change the meaning of the phrase or couplet. is compounded with the stem of an ﺟﺎﻧﺎ Compounding @1 [jānā] with intransitive verbs. When .2 intransitive verb, it highlights the transition from one state to another, thereby emphasizing the completion or thoroughness of the main action. This is easily illustrated by the difference between J1 [to be] and @1 J [to happen, take place]. a. Practice forming compound verbs. Combine the following verbs with @1 in the simple past, present habitual, and future tenses.