HQI NGHI KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH THAI VA TAI NGUVeN SINH VAT LAN THtf 5 HO NGOC LAN (Magnoliaceae): HE THONG VA PHAN LO^^I HQC vu QUANG NAM Truang Dgi hgc Ldm nghiip Hp Ngpc Ian (Magnoliaceae) li mgt trong nhimg nhdm thuc vat cd hoa (flowering plant) sdm nhit vi ddng vai trd then chdt trong viec hinh thinh cic khai niem vl hoa trong nganh thirc vgt Hat kin (Angiospermae). Hp cd khoing tren 300 loii, phan bd chi yeu d cic viing nhiet ddi vi dn ddi cua Ddng Nam Chau A (4/5) vi phan cdn Iai thupc ve Chau My Latinh (1/5) (Xia va ddng ldc gid, 2008; Dandy, 1971; Thome, 1993). Hg dugc die trung bdi cic dgc diem nguyen thuy nhu bao hoa chua phan hda hay phin hda chua rd ring, sd lugng nhieu vi rdi, nhi va nhyy hoa nhieu, rdi va sip xep thanh hinh xoan dc tren de hoa hinh ndn thudn dii. Cac loai trong hp Ngpc Ian cd dgng thin gd hoic byi, thudng xanh, cd tan la dep, hoa cd kich co Ion, da dgng ve miu sac, huang rat tham, gd tham va mjn, hat nhidu loii cd thi diing Iam gia vj vi Iam thudc. Vdi nhihig linh chat quan irpng tren, hp Nggc lan da va dang dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc Irong cac ITnh VlTC khac nhau nhu hinh thai, tl bio, cd sinh vat, phan tu, he thong, canh quan... quan tam nghien cuu. Tren phuang dien ve khoa hpc he thdng, ke tu khi dugc ra ddi d giai doan diu vdi ten Ii Magnolia do Carolus Linnaeus khdi sudng trong tac phim 'Genera Plantarum V 62: 456.1737' va sau niy chinh thuc dudi ten Magnoliaceae do A. L. de Jussieu thilt lip nam 1789 trong cong trinh 'Genera Plantarum: 280' thi cho den nay su sip xip thu bge cua cac nhdm, die biet la su tdn tgi cua cic chi (Genus) trong cac he thdng phan logi vin cdn dang li vin dk bin cai do tuy thugc vio hoan canh lich sir vi quan diem cung nhu each tiep can cua tung trudng phai phan loai d cac nhdm nude khic nhau. Bai viet nham cung cip mpt buc tranh tdng thi vl he thong va phan loai hgc ciia hp Nggc lan dua tren cac tu lieu mi tic gii nghien cuu vi cd dugc cho tdi nay. I. DOI TU'gfNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 1. Doi tupng Ddi tugng la cac cdng trinh nghien cuu vl he thong phan Ioai cd lien quan din hg Nggc lan d Viet Nam va tren the gidi. 2. Phutmg phap Tim hieu ve Iy thuyet cic quan niem ve phin loai vi cac he thdng phan loai cd lien quan den ITnh vuc nghien cuu. Nghien cuu cac tieu ban khd cua cic loii trong hg tren cac phdng tieu ban th^rc cua Trudng Dgi hgc Lam nghiep (VNF), Vien Sinh thai va Tai nguyen sinh vgt (HN), Vien Sinh hpc nhiet ddi Tp. Hd Chi Minh (VNM), Bio ling Tu nhien Paris, Phip (P), Vudn Thuc vat Kew, Anh (K) va ciia Vudn Thuc vit Nam Trung Hoa (IBSC). Dilu tra th\rc dja dugc tien hanh tir nam 2008 tdi nay nhim thu thap miu vat vi quan sat trang thii tir nhien ciia Ioai, tii dd cd the minh chung cho Iy thuylt vl he thdng va phan loai hpc. II. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU Nam 1703, Charles Plumier (1646-1704) da cdng bo mot loii mdi {Magnoliaplumierii) is mien Tay An (West Indian species) tren "Plantarum Americanarum Genera 38" dl ehi nhgn nhO-ng cdng lao khoa hpc cho nhi thuc vit hgc n^udi Phap-Pierre Magno! (1638- 1715), mpt giao su vl ciy thudc, dong thdi Iam giam ddc vudn thuc vgt d Montpellier HnirjGHI KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH THAI VA TAl NGUYgN SINH VAT LAN THij 5 Ui TSn Magnolia sau dd dugc nha thuc vgt hgc ngudi Thuy Dien Carolus Linnaeus Tr ^ Ii Linnaei) (1707-1788) su dung trong tic pham 'Genera Plantarum i, 1937' dl md ti h loai thuc vat d Bic My {Magnolia glauca) sau nay dugc chuan hda vdi ten Magnolia '^. jjjiana L. Do Ii su xuit hien va ra ddi chinh thuc cua ten Magnolia va sau niy chinh la Jin cua hg Ngpc lan-MagnoIiaceae. Tiep sau dd, Linnaeus (1753) trong tac phim 'Species Plantarum' da dl cgp tdi 8 Ioai thupc 3 chi, do la: Liriodenron L. (I. lulipifera L.), Magnolia L. (M virginiana L., M. glauca L., \tf foetida L., M grisea L., M iripetala L., M. acuminata L.) vi Michelia L. {M. chamaca L.). Joannis de Loureiro (1790) tiep tuc md ti 3 loii mdi tir Ma Cao, Trung Qudc trong 'Flora Cochichinensis': Liriodendron liliifera, L.figo va L. coco. Aug. Pyramo De Candolle (1824) trong cdng trinh 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis' da dua ra hp tiling cho Magnoliaceae vdi 2 tdng, 9 chi nhu sau: Ord. III. Magnoliaceae Tribe I. Illicieae 1. lllicium L. 2. Temiis Molina 3. Drimys J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Sect. I. Eudrymis DC. Sect. 11. WinleraDC. 4. Tasmannia R. Br. ex DC. Tribe II. Magnoliaeae 5. Mayna Aubl. 6. Michelia L. (M champaca. M. kisopa. M. dollsopa, M. Isiampaca. M. velutina. M. rufinervis, M parviflora). 7. Magnolia L. Sect. 1. Magnolia.slrum DC. (A/, grandlflora. M. mexigana. M. glauca, M. umbrella. M. auriculata. M. pyramldata. M. macrophylla. M. cordala) Sect. 11. Gwillimia Rottler ex DC. (M yulan, M. kohiis. M. obovata. M.fuscala. M. piimila. M. inodora. M?. coco. M'^.figo). 8. Talauma Juss. {T. plumieri (Sw.) DC). 9. Liriodendron L. {L lulipifera) Spach (1839) trong cdng trinh "Histoire Naturelle Vegetau.\: Phanerogames Vll" da de xuit h? thdng mdi cho Magnoliaceae, trong dd cd 4 chi mdi {Lirianlhe, Liriopsis. Tiilipaslrum, Yulan ia) nh\s sau: Magnoliaceae I. Tribe Illicieae DC, Section I. (Subtribe) Winterineae Spach Section 11. (Subtribe) lllicineae Spach !!. Tribe Magnolieae DC. Section 1. (Subtribe) Magnolineae Spach HQl NGHj KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC Vg SINH THAI VA TAI NGUYgN SINH VAT LAN THlfj,^ 1. Talauma Juss. Sect. I. Hilariana Spach Sect. 11. Blumiana Spach 2. Aromadenron BI u me 3. Manglietia Blume 4. Michelia L. 5. Liriopsis Spach 6. Yulanla Spach Sect. I Theorhodon Spach Sect. II. Aromanlhe Spach Sect. III. Rytidospermum Spach Sect. IV. Tuliparia Spach 7. Magnolia L 8. Tulipastrum Spach 9. Lirianlhe Spach Section II. (Subtribe) Liriodendrineae Spach 10. Liriodendron (L.) DC. ' Sau dd.SieboId&Zuccarinii (1845) thilt lap them chi 5uerger/a Siebold & Zucc. Bentham] and Hooker (1862) trong 'Gehera Plantarum' da tiep tuc sii dung he thdng vdi cac chi truyen | thdng nhu sau: Ordo IV. Magnoliaceae Tribe I. Wintereae ;. Drimys J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. 2. Ilicium L. Trible 11. Magnolieae 3. Talauma iuss. (Biiergeria,Aromadendren. Blumea) 4. Magnolia L. (Liriopsis, Yulanla, Tulipastrum. and Lirianthe- Sphenocarpus) 5. Manglielia Blume 6. Michelia L. 7. Liriodendron L. Tribe III. Schizandreae 5. Schizandra Desf. {Sphaeroslema) 9. Kadsura i\iss. D. H. Baillon (1866) trong 'Recueil periodique D'observations Botaniques: Menoire sur la Famille des Magnolicees' cho ring cic diu hieu dl tach biet cac chi Magnolia. Manglielia, Michelia va Talauma la qui ylu va dng da dl xuit he thdng rut ggn gdm 02 chi nhu sau: 164 Q, Mrti-il KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC VE SINH THAI VA TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT LAN THLf 5 \. Magnolia L. Sect. Eumagnolia {Yulania. Lirianlhe, Tulipastrum) Sect. Talauma (Blumea. Buergeria, Aromadendren) Sect. Manglielia Sect. Liriopsis (Micheliopsis) Sect. Michelia :. '^ 2. Liriodendron L. if6||w;|p sau niy, cd mgt sd cac tic gii cung da de cap den he thdng hgc ciia hg Magnoliaceae, trone do cung cd mgt vai sai khac trong viec su dung vj tri ciia cac chi hay nhinh trong h? thdng /[yliquel, 1868; George King, 1891; Paul Parmentier, 1895). '^•\Nam 1927, trong cdng trinh 'The Genera of Magnolieae' (Kew Bull. 7. 257-264), Jame Edgar Dandy, nhi thuc vat hpc xuit chung ngudi Anh da Ian dau tien phat hien ra cac die trung doi Igp d mpt vii taxa, dua tren cic die diem truyen thdng cCia cac chi da bilt trudc la Talauma /qui cd kieu md dgc biet, hog diu cinh). Magnolia fhai noin/Ia noan, hoa diu canh), Manglietia /tren 4 noin/Ii noin, hoa dau canh) va Michelia (hoa mgc d nach la), da cdng bd them 4 chi mdi • do li: Alcimandra (vi tri hoa diu canh gidng Magnolia, nhung nhyy Igi cd cudng gidng 'Michelia), Pachylarnax (qui md dac biet gidng Talauma, sd noan gidng Manglielia), Eimerrillia (vi tri hoa d nich Ii gidng Michelia, nhung nhuy Igi khdng cd cudng nhu Magnolia) vk'Kmeria (hoa dan tinh khac gdc va tam bi md bung) va gidi thieu he thdng 10 chi dua tren he thong 4 chi cua Bentham vi Hooker (1862). Sau nay. Dandy (1964, 1974) da chip nhan them mpt s6 chi ciia cac tic gii khic nhu Aromadendren Blume (1825) (qua dgng Talauma, nhung li .kem lis'i), Paramichelia H.H. Hu (1940) and Tsoongiodendron W.Y. Chun (1963) (hoa d nach Ii 'giong Michelia, qui ty die biet) de cho ra he thdng mdi vdi 12 chi. Day ciing la he thdng dugc nhieu nha th^c vgt chip nhin va sir dung trong thdi gian kha dii. Ciing vdi thdi dai cua Dandy la sy md ti them mgt sd chi mdi nhu Hu et W. C. Cheng (1951) vdi Paramanglietia.