By Tristan Foro and Jordan Comstock General information Major Intel processors Current and future projects Impact of Intel Founded in July 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore Based in Santa Clara, California Company name stands for “integrated electronics” First product was 64‐bit Static Random Access Memory In 1971 created the first commercially available microprocessor Found success when IBM used Intel’s microprocessor in their PC Battled with AMD for dominance of the microprocessor market 51st on Fortune 500 list with annual revenue of $55.4 billion Central processing unit (CPU) included on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip Acts as the brain of all computers and most digital electronics Multiple microprocessors work together in the heart of PCs, data centers, supercomputers, cell phones, and other digital devices Over the past 40 years microprocessors have become faster and more powerful, while also becoming smaller and cheaper Are designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations On initial startup microprocessors get information from the basic input/output system, then are given instructions to perform by the BIOS or OS Released in November 1971 Problem: Nippon Calculating Solution: Intel created four chips, Machine Corporation needed including the 4004, which was the first custom chips for its Busicom 141‐ chip that could be programmed for a PF printing calculator. variety of products. General Information: This 4‐bit CPU became the first general‐purpose programmable processor on the market Includes 2300 transistors Executes approximately 92,000 instructions per second A single instruction cycle is 10.8ms Task: Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) needed to implement an instruction set for their programmable terminal Result: Details: To solve this, Intel produced the Doubled from 4‐bits in 4004 to 8‐ 8008 bits allowing for more memory It was delivered too late for CTC, access who ended up not using it Worked at two clock frequencies, Instead, Intel bought the rights 500 kHz and 800 kHz back and sold the chip for Included external 14‐bit address bus themselves that could address 16 KB of memory Released in April 1972 Reason for Development: Intel’s failing 8800 tried jumping straight from 8 bits to 32 bits and lost traction in the microprocessor market to Zilog Development: IBM, Intel’s Success Story: A software engineer named Stephen IBM was looking to design their first PC Morse was chosen to lead the 8086 IBM chose the 8088, a cheaper version of project the 8086 with the same underlying code His goal was to determine features IBM’s dominance in the PC market helped to make the software more efficient Intel to soar Led to the x86 architecture, which Other companies tried copying IBM’s PCs, would be Intel’s main line of products so Intel was designed into more products General Information: Released in 1993 Performance: First superscalar processor ‐ Dual pipeline increased speed at which implements instruction‐level instructions could be completed parallelism using two pipelines 64‐bit data bus doubled amount of info to read Can execute multiple instructions or write on each memory access, allowing cache during a clock cycle by sending accesses faster than ever before multiple instructions to different Separation of code and data execution units at the same time caches lessens the fetch and Faster floating‐point unit operand conflicts from Wider data bus previous models Separate instruction and data caches Fully hardware based FDIV Bug: The processor could multiplier allowed for faster sometimes return incorrect decimal multiplication functions results during division Pentium Pro (1995): Designed to replace the original Pentium Considerably faster than Pentium because of its dynamic execution . Includes multiple branch prediction, data flow analysis, speculative execution Extended the pipeline length to 14 stages Struggled in 16‐bit operations compared to Pentium, which had been optimized for them Pentium II (1997): Overcame many negative aspects of the Pentium Pro L2 Cache ran at half‐frequency because it couldn’t operate at the CPU’s full speed Used affordable cache chips attached to larger silicon packages to reduce costs Doubled L1 cache size from the Pro (to 32 KB) Pentium III (1999): First 1GHz processor Reduced pipeline to 10 stages Moved to a 180 nm transistor fabrication process Moved L2 cache back into the CPU, improving performance Netburst: Released in 2000 (Considered a failure) Used the deepest pipeline Intel had created at the time (20 stages) Longer pipelines require more bandwidth and have higher latency, but can operate at much higher clock speeds to increase performance Pentium 4: The first processor released with Netburst Netburst extended the pipeline, but the processor could not reach the desired clock rates beyond 2 GHz because of heat and power consumption issues This processor struggled compared to competitors and the previous P6 Architecture because of the increased latency without a significant increase in clock speed General Information: Performance: Intel gave up on the Netburst architecture because of its Core 2 Duo tripled the performance and returned to the successful P6 amount of on‐board cache architecture to 6 MB Core launched in 2006, and consists of multi‐core Processor base frequency processors (processors with multiple independent of 2.93 GHz processing units) Used for both desktop and . Quad (four cores), Duo (two cores), Solo (Duo with mobile one disabled core) Uses a deep pipeline and In 2006 the Core 2 Duo was released for desktop use and out‐of‐order execution was used as the CPU for the first generation MacBook Pro Outperformed Pentium 4 . Signified Apple’s major shift to Intel processors while operating at lower across their entire line clock rates Allowed Intel to catch up to AMD (Descendants of the P6 architecture) These desktop and laptop processors currently use the Skylake microarchitecture that was launched in 2015, which has improvements in performance and power consumption Core i3: Low end performance processor, following the end of the Core 2 brand Dual‐core processor, with hyper‐threading (which creates two virtual cores for every physical core) Core i5: Mid tier performance processor, a variant of the i7 processor Quad‐core processor, with Turbo Boost (which allows higher clock speeds when running at low temperatures and with fewer cores) Core i7: Upper end performance processor, targeting high‐end consumer markets for desktops and laptops Quad‐core processor, similar to i5 but with higher clock speeds and 8 MB of cache Microprocessor Architectures: Kaby Lake: 14nm architecture released in 2016, focused on optimization and performance Coffee Lake: 14nm architecture to be released in 2017 for desktops, refinement of Kaby Lake Cannonlake: 10nm architecture to be released in 2017 for notebooks Ice Lake: 10 nm architecture to be released in 2018 for all designs, will continue to use CMOS transistors Digitalizing Analog Circuitry: Converting analog parts to digital, because analog parts do not benefit from scaling If digitalizing isn’t completely possible, then digital devices coexist with analog devices to reduce their use Advanced Micro Devices (AMD): Competes directly with Intel processors, has struggled to keep pace recently Intel is larger, older, and has a greater market share There has been litigation between the companies, with Intel being accused of anti‐ competitive tactics AMD chips are typically less expensive, while Intel chips have better performance Intel chips generate less heat Intel uses hyperthreading to run multiple threads on each core, while AMD increases the number of cores AMD uses overclocking to increase the clock rate of the processor The rivalry has helped push the whole industry forward at a rapid pace Microprocessor Impact: Before After In 1960s computers filled entire Reduction in cost for high‐performance rooms processing power Processors were expensive and only Personal computer (PC) became possible, available to government labs, and computers were more readily research universities and large available to all corporations Intel’s Gordon Moore observed that the Development of integrated circuit number of transistors per square inch on allowed for miniaturization of an IC will double every year (known as circuits onto single silicon chip Moore’s Law), which has held true thus far It’s possible that without Intel, computers wouldn’t be where they are today Information Images ark.intel.com/products/36503/Intel-Core2-Duo-Processor-E7500-3M-Cache-2_93-GHz-1066-MHz-FSB gotw.ca/images/CPU.png ark.intel.com/products/codename/37572/Skylake#@All cdn.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8086/L_Intel-C8086-pbs.jpg arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/02/pentium-core-i5-core-i7-making-sense-of-intels-convoluted-cpu-lineup/ cdn2.pcadvisor.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3417091/Difference_Core_i5.jpg beta.fortune.com/fortune500/intel-51 intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/images/photography- britannica.com/topic/Intel-Corporation business/16x9/60592-1971-4004-processor- digitaltrends.com/computing/here-we-explain-the-basic-differences-between-intel-and-amd-cpus 16x9.jpg.rendition.intel.web.480.270.jpg download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/40thanniversary/pdfs/What_is_a_Microprocessor.pdf logos-download.com/wp- eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1329353 content/uploads/2016/02/Intel_logo_png_transparent_huge-700x464.png fool.com/investing/2016/09/05/intel-corporations-future-processor-plans-revealed.aspx