Hubert Kowalewski & Anna Szkuat From underground sexuality to speculative fiction. Morp!ological and semantic changes of the morpheme punk 2nd ELC International Postgraduate Conference on English Linguistics (ELC2), 30-31 October 2009, Vigo (S#ain) Outline 1) Pun$ – semantic changes ● u# to 20th centur' ● u# to 1960s ● a)er 1960s 2) Genres of speculati+e fiction 3) ,oti+ation for the mor#ho-semantic change -) E&ergence of a mor#ho-semantic sche&a .) /etails of conceptual content (C01) () References #unk $ semantic changes up to 2&t! century ??? ‘passive male homosexual’ 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 ‘prostitute’, ‘incompetent’, ‘mistress of a soldier’ ‘petty criminal’, ‘homosexual’ #unk – semantic changes up to 1960s %&t! century* ● 3orthless stu4, rubbish ● 3orthless #erson ● badl' beha+ed young &an (often associated with cri&e), hooligan ● obno5ious macho t'#e ● ine5#erienced #erson ● prostitute (archaic by 1 (0s) ● cata&ite ● (ad67) 3orthless also ● decayed wood (used as tinder) ● fungus growing on 3ood #unk – changes after 1960s ,ew meanings: ● type of music po#ular since 1970s (loud, +iolent, fast) associated with protest against con+entional attitudes ● a person who likes punk music ● a culture popular among young peo#le, especiall' in late 1970s, in+olving o##osition to authorit' e5pressed through shocking behaviour clothes and hair, and [;< [punk] music Subgenres of speculative fiction -by distinguishing attributes) Historical period: 0ec!nology* Other: ● time#un$ ● cyberpun$ ● elfpunk = #unk#unk ● cloc$#unk ● mythpunk stone#unk ● stea&#unk ● splatterpunk bronze#unk ● diesel#unk ● stitchpunk ironpunk = #etrol#unk ● nazipunk = sandal#un$ ≈ tesla#unk = blitzpunk = classic#unk ● biopunk ● cattlepunk candle#unk ● nanopunk ● desertpunk = &iddle#unk ● atomic#unk ● spacepunk = castle#unk ● transistor#unk > dungeonpunk > 3eed#un$ > #lague#unk ● ? frankenpunk no3#unk Fre1uency of occurence -222/ World Wide Web retrieved on 10 Oct 2009 100% 90% 80% 70% other clockpunk 60% splatterpunk biopunk 50% dieselpunk steampunk 40% cyberpunk 30% 20% 10% 0% Google Bing Cuil Lycos otivation for t!e morpho-semantic change ● c'ber#unk – moti+ated coinage (“countercultural antiheroes tra##ed in a dehu&ani@ed, !ig!3tec! futureB, a)er britannica.com) ● meton'&ic shi) in the fra&e [CCBERPDEF< (PG21-FOR-IJOLE): -punk – ‘countercultureM → ‘a genre of speculative fiction’ ● but onl' in the specific mor#hological conte5tK (x)pun$ Emergence of a morpho-semantic schema ● 1he su4i5 -punk a##eared onl' in a specific semantic conte5t, but in man' di4erent le5ical items. This led to deconte5tuali@ation (similarities percei+ed throughout +arious le5ical items are embodied in a morpho-semantic schema (LangackerMs term)). ● 1he schema restricts mor#hological distribution on the grounds of semantic criteria ( (x)punk ‘a genre speculati+e fiction’ but N(x)punk ‘3orthless’ ) Other examples ● 3ware (I1): hard3are → soft3are, free3are, share3are, mal3are, ad3are, nagware, abandon3are, sp'3are, beer3are, bloat3are, etc. ● 3core (music): hardcore → 6a@zcore, electrocore, acidcore, &etalcore, brea$core, etc. ● 3jazz (music): jazz O ja@zrock, acid6a@z, ethno6azz, electro6azz, nu6a@@ ● 3net (I1) net3ork → internet, intranet, ethernet, botnet, usenet, Ar#anet ● 3bot (I1): robot → bot, sp'bot, spa&bot, googlebot, chatbot, cha9erbot, speechbot, msnbot, botnet ● 3gateK Iatergate O 2'3ingate, Cli&ategate, Irangate, Fatrinagate 6eferences ● Jughes, *7 (200() An Encyclopedia of Swearing7 London: ,7E. Sharpe7 ● Langac$er, 27 I7 (1 0) Foundations of Cognitive Grammar7 StanfordK Stanford Dniversity Press7 ● Langac$er, 27 I7 (200P) Cognitive Grammar A Basic "ntroduction OxfordK ODP7 ● La$off, *7 and Qohnson, M7 (1 P0) Metap$ors %e Live !y7 Chicago and London: Dniversity of Chicago Press7 ● 1aylor, Q727 (1 0) &inguistic Categorization7 OxfordK ODP7 2ebsites ● h9#KRRen.wi$i#edia7org/3iki/CyberpunkSderi+ati+es ● h9#KRRbritannica7com ● h9#KRRscifiwire7co&R200 R0 Rguide-to-sci-fi-punks7#h# ● h9#KRRdie3achen7comR2008R0PRall-sorts-of-#un$7ht&l ● h9#KRR3337wired7comRtableSofS&alcontentsR2008R03R&a$eSwa'Sfor_#lR ● h9#KRR3337benwhite7comR3riting/thau&a#unkR ● h9#KRRen.wi$i#edia7org/3iki/ListSofSscandalsSwithST22-gateT22Ssu4ix 6eferences – dictionaries ● S$orter (xford Englis$ Dictionary (1933) +ol. 2. O5fordK O5ford at the Clarendon Press7 ● %e*ster’s ,$ird -ew International )ictionary of t$e Englis$ &anguage (1960?) "#ringfieldK *7 U C7 ,erriam Com#an'7 ● (xford Illustrated )ictionary (1962) O5fordK O5ford at Clarendon Press7 ● (xford Advanced &earner+s Dictionary of Current Englis$ (1975) LondonK OUP7 ● (xford Advanced &earner.s )ictionary of Current Englis$ (1980) LondonK OUP7 ● (xford Advanced &earner+s Dictionary (1989) LondonK OUP7 ● %e*ster's -ew %orld )ictionary of American Englis$ (1989) Cle+eland U Ne3 Cor$K IebsterVs Ee3 Iorld7 ● Collins Co*uild Englis$ &anguage Dictionary (1990) London and Glasgo3K Collins7 ● /eunguin Englis$ Student.s )ictionary (1991) Peunguin 0ooks Ltd7 ● 0andom 1ouse 2n*ridged )ictionary (1993) 2nd ed7 Ee3 Cor$K Rando& Jouse7 ● Cambridge "nternational Dictionary of Englis$ (1995) LondonK CDP7 ● &ongman )ictionary of Contemporary Englis$7 (2006) 8th ed7 Jarlo3K Pearson Education Li&ited7 .