Grape Commodity-based Survey Guidelines 11 August 2008 Last Revision: August 2010 Melinda Sullivan and Edward Jones USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…5 Purpose of Document 5 Location of Surveys 7 Time Frame 7 Organisms to be Surveyed 7 Chapter 2: Survey Design & Sampling Methodology .………………………………………………………………..…..9 Introduction 9 Summary of Action Steps 9 Objective of Survey 10 Population to be Sampled 10 Data to be Collected 10 Degree of Precision Re- 11 quired The Frame 12 Selection of sampling plan 13 and sample selection Methods and Units of Meas- 17 ure Pre-test 19 The Organization of Field 19 Work Summary and Analysis of 20 Data Gaining Information for Fu- 20 ture Surveys Chapter 3: Summary of Survey Strategies………………………………………………………………………………….21 Visual Survey 21 Trapping 28 Chapter 4: Pest Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29 Pests by affected plant part 29 CAPS– approved survey 30 methods 2 Chapter 5: Detailed Survey Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………31 Adoxophyes orana 31 Autographa gamma 33 Copitarsia spp. 34 Diabrotica speciosa 35 Epiphyas postvittana 36 Eupoecilia ambiguella 37 Heteronychus arator 38 Lobesia botrana 39 Planococcus minor 40 Spodoptera littoralis 41 Spodoptera litura 42 Thaumatotibia leucotreta 43 Candidatus Phytoplasma aus- 44 traliense Phellinus noxius 45 Chapter 6: Identification Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………46 Adoxophyes orana 46 Autographa gamma 48 Copitarsia spp. 51 Diabrotica speciosa 54 Epiphyas postvittana 56 Eupoecilia ambiguella 58 Heteronychus arator 60 Lobesia botrana 62 Planococcus minor 64 Spodoptera littoralis 65 Spodoptera litura 67 Thaumatotibia leucotreta 69 Candidatus Phytoplasma aus- 71 traliense Phellinus noxius 72 Appendix A…………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………..74 Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..81 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86 3 Draft Log: The state of science is advancing faster than most documents in print can be updated. As such, this document is entitled “perpetual draft” with the intention of making updates as they are appropriate. Updates might include the inclusion of new high risk pests that are identified, inclusion of new survey methodology for existing pests, or removal of current pests that no longer pose a high risk or have become well established in the United States. In order to keep track of changes in the document, please find the draft log listed below. The date of the current draft is listed on the cover page. Original Submission: August 2008 Revised Submission: October 2008 July 2010: Added Diabrotica speciosa and Eupoecilia ambiguella. Added Appendix M information and re- moved outdated information. Updated survey chapter. Fixed several typographic errors. August 2010: Updated hyperlinks. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction Purpose of Document: Welcome to the Grape Commodity-based Survey Guideline. This document is intended to be a tool to assist you as you develop pest detection survey plans in your respective states for exotic pests of grape. A detection survey determines the presence or absence of a pest but does not delimit a pest or establish the prevalence of a pest. This is a companion document to the Grape Commodity-based Survey Reference, available at the CAPS website (Figure 1.1). The Grape Commodity-based Sur- vey Reference is a collection of detailed datasheets on 26 exotic pests, 6 pests of restricted distribution in the United States with regulatory significance, en- demic pests easily confused with exotic pests, and potential vectors of exotic pests. These datasheets contain information on the biology, host range, survey strategies, and identification of these pests. The Grape Commodity-based Survey Guideline is the result of a concerted effort to help states focus resources on survey efforts and identification of a smaller group of target pests. This guide contains little information about biol- ogy. We must acknowledge that there is no silver bullet survey that would be wholly applicable to each state. Environment, personnel, budgets, and re- sources vary from state to state. However, as state participants in the Coop- Figure 1.1 Cover Page of the erative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS), you can take steps to increase the uni- Grape Commodity –based Survey Reference. This document con- formity and usability of data across political, geographic, and climatic regions, tains pest datasheets on the most while maintaining flexibility for appropriateness within individual regions. This threatening exotic pests of grape manual is not intended to be a field guide to identify exotic pests in the field including information on biology, and distinguish the exotic pest from commonly occurring pests. The purpose of survey, and identification. The document is available for this manual is to provide a framework to aid cooperators in collecting the best download from the CAPS website. samples to send to a qualified taxonomist or diagnostician for pest identifica- tion. Considerable diagnostic or taxonomic expertise may already exist in your state. The survey methods described in this document combine survey strategies for exotic pests, including arthropods and plant pathogens. It is important to note that these broad categories have unique bio- logical features that dictate current methods of sur- vey. However, each category is grouped accord- ing to an appropriate sampling method within the context of this manual. This Commodity-based Survey Guideline is intended to be implemented over several years with the initial field survey year beginning in FY 09. Portions of the recommendations may need clarification or adjust- ment as funding levels change, new threats are identified, or detection technologies improve. The transition to commodity based survey has just be- gun, and as such, end user feedback will be impera- tive to the creation of a useful end-product for corn and other commodities of large economic impor- Figure 1.2 Figure of the United States showing grape acreage by tance. National survey methodologies as estab- county in 2007. This image was generated using data from the Na- lished will take precedence over the methods de- tional Agricultural Statistics Service by Daniel Borchert (USDA-APHIS- scribed in this manual. Methods listed in Appendix M PPQ-CPHST). of the National Survey Guidelines will also take precedence over the methods described. 5 Chapter 1: Introduction Table 1.2. Pests targeted in the CAPS Grape Commodity-based Location of Surveys: Note that the lo- Survey Guideline. cality scope of the Survey Guideline is limited to the contiguous United States. The acreage by Scientific Name Common Name Type of Pest county is shown in Figure 1.2. The total bearing acreage and the value for the top 5 producing states for grape in this manual is shown in Fig- Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Arthropod-Moth (minor pest) ures 1.3, 1.4, respectively. Total bearing acre- age by type of grape and value of production is shown in Figures 1.5, 1.6, respectively for Cali- Autographa gamma Silver-Y moth Arthropod-Moth fornia, which accounts for greater than 80% of (major pest) the total acreage and value for the United States. Copitarsia spp. Owlet moths Arthropod-Moth (major pest) Time Frame: The Survey Guideline is in- tended to be carried out as a multi-year survey. Diabrotica speciosa Cucurbit beetle Arthropod– Beetle State and federal priorities, resources, and (major pest) funding, however, may influence whether the survey can be carried out for multiple years. Future versions of this manual may call for on- Epiphyas postvittana Light brown apple Arthropod-Moth going surveys following the same or a slightly moth (major pest) modified protocol. The multi-year time frame has advantages because states will have more Eupoecilia am- European grape berry Arthropod-Moth opportunity to collect data over a larger time- biguella moth (major pest) scale. Negative data collected over several years using a statistically based protocol can be influential in scientific, political, and trade Heteronychus arator African black beetle Arthropod– Beetle arenas. (major pest) Lobesia botrana European grapevine Arthropod-Moth Organisms to be Surveyed: The moth (major pest) scope of surveyed organisms within the Survey Guideline is limited to a sub-group of pests from Planococcus minor Passionvine mealybug, Arthropod- the Grape Commodity-based Survey Refer- Pacific mealybug mealybug (major ence from the FY 09’ and 10 Analytical Hierar- pest) chy Process (AHP) Prioritized Pest List and one emergency pest (light brown apple moth). This Spodoptera littoralis Egyptian cotton leaf- Arthropod-Moth sub-group includes 12 arthropods and 2 plant worm (major pest) pathogens (a phytoplasma, and a fungus). The scientific name and common names of these Spodoptera litura Rice cutworm Arthropod-Moth pests are shown in Table 1.2. Photos of each major pest) pest are given in Figure 1.7. Many of the pests targeted in this survey can be Thaumatotibia leuco- False coding moth Arthropod-Moth detected visually or by collecting samples of treta (minor pest) plant tissues. As a result, 1-2 trips for each survey should be adequate. For most of the arthro- Candidatus Phyto- Australian grapevine Phytoplasma pods, pheromone lures are available, and use plasma australiense yellows (major pest) of these lures with traps will require a minimum of