IS S U E 4 , 2 0 1 1 ct4|2011 contents EDITORIAL 2 by Vasu Gounden FEATURES 3 Imperatives for Post-conflict Reconstruction in Libya by Ibrahim Sharqieh 11 ‘Mediation with Muscles or Minds?’ Lessons from a Conflict-sensitive Mediation Style in Darfur by Allard Duursma 20 The Necessary Conditions for Post-conflict Reconciliation by Karanja Mbugua 28 Côte d’Ivoire’s Post-conflict Challenges by David Zounmenou 38 Comparing Approaches to Reconciliation in South Africa and Rwanda by Cori Wielenga 46 Post-amnesty Programme in the Niger Delta: Challenges and Prospects by Oluwatoyin O. Oluwaniyi BOOk REvIEw 55 The Enough Moment: Fighting to End Africa’s Worst Human Rights Crimes Reviewed by Linda M. Johnston conflict trends I 1 editorial byS vA u gouNDEN The year 2011 will certainly go down in history as a governments increasingly unable to provide for their basic watershed year, dominated by political and economic needs. Our major challenge is to craft an economic and upheavals and natural disasters. It will be remembered for political system that will deliver potable water, food, fuel, the collapse of several regimes in North Africa that were housing, healthcare, education, transport, security and other once thought to be unshakeable. It was the year in which basic needs equitably to all people. several developed nations in Europe faced bankruptcy. All these challenges confront us at a time when trade, It was also the year in which Japan experienced a massive transport and telephony connect the world like at no other earthquake and a devastating tsunami, which dangerously time in the history of mankind. While this phenomenon compromised its nuclear facilities. has created an enabling environment for cooperation in These watershed events highlighted useful lessons. commerce and communication, it has also created an We realised that although governments have an important environment for competition. This has led to greater inequity role to play, if they do not represent the will of the people they will be removed – no matter how powerful they between an increasingly smaller empowered elite and a seem. It also highlighted that an unregulated free market growing community of marginalised groups and individuals can lead to gross inequity and the collapse of economies. who cannot access even basic services and opportunities. The natural disasters in Japan revealed how challenging it The growing divide between the empowered elite and the is to respond in a timely and adequate manner, even for the marginalised groups has resulted in increased tensions third-largest economy in the world. between them, throughout the world. All the evidence presented on climate change and its The popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle impact indicates that we will continue to be subjected to East, together with the global protests under the ‘Occupy unprecedented natural disasters. In addition, in October Movement’, have once again highlighted the power that 2011, the United Nations announced that seven billion ordinary citizens have to bring about change. These people now occupy our planet. Although the growth in events have also shown us that, in the main, most of the world’s population is slowing down to about 1% per these uprisings are led by interest groups in civil society annum currently (from an annual 2%), the increase in actual who are in direct opposition to the state and the private people who occupy the planet is exponential. According to sector, which are perceived to represent elite interests The Economist, while it took about 250 000 years to reach significantly. More importantly, it highlights the urgent need one billion people, it took only about 100 years to reach two to build cooperation among these three sectors of society. billion people in 1927, and the increase from six billion to seven billion people happened in only 12 years! The recent slogan of the ‘Occupy Movement’ – that we should It does not require much analysis to conclude that our all “live simply so that people can simply live” – should be our challenges as humanity will also increase exponentially. guiding principle for forging a new social compact between The resources on our planet are finite, and our current use the state, the private sector and civil society, to ensure some of these resources is unsustainable. At least one third of measure of equity and prosperity for all the peoples of the world’s population currently lives in poverty, with their the world. v gasu ounden is the Founder and Executive Director of ACCoRD. 2 I conflict trends ImperatIves for post-conflIct reconstructIon In lIbya by Ib RAHIM SHARqIEH REUTERS / THE / REUTERS b IGGER PICTURE IGGER Having endured for four decades, the political system of his family, represents an end of an era of autocracy for Jamahiriya1 – or ‘state of the masses’ – created by Colonel Libya. Libyans now face new challenges – in particular, the Muammar al-Qaddafi, has resulted in Libya having a unique reconstruction of a war-torn country and the building of political dynamic. Its growth has been stunted in many ways, institutions that never existed under Qaddafi’s heavy-handed as it lacks political parties,2 civil society organisations, trade rule. While military force was necessary to oust Qaddafi, unions, economic associations and even a unified army. a successful reconstruction process requires a different When he led the coup that brought him to power in 1969, set of methods, approaches and philosophies. Libyans are Qaddafi exploited the fact that the country had two capitals, encouraged not to rush this process, as rebuilding the nation Tripoli and benghazi, claiming that he wanted to take power will be arduous and complicated, for two reasons. The first is from King Idris al-Sanousi, who was accused of favouring the extent of reconstruction required, as the former regime the eastern part of Libya. Ironically, Qaddafi himself meant to left behind a society that requires rehabilitation in almost marginalise that same region, particularly benghazi,3 hoping all areas of education, health, economics and infrastructure. to centralise his power and government in Tripoli. It is not surprising, therefore, that this year’s uprising began in the east, with its hub in benghazi. Above: Libyan people gather during celebrations The confirmed killing of Qaddafi and his two sons for the liberation of Libya in quiche, benghazi on Muatasim and Saif al-Arab, and the fleeing of the rest of 23 october 2011. conflict trends I 3 h a h ripoli llonia) LIBYA r ya s (T ) po a i lu (A ilal w w u h l H a b a a u a s 's rna) Z r u a (De Z a ms S h z hu R rna -n A T a Ti TUNISIA l K Al Bayda D 's at A Ra Bumbah Al Marj (Barce) lij al Al' Aziziyah Zlīten Kha Tar . Tubruq (Tobruk) hū .. Misratah Banghazi . , , n , Yafran a . ... h . (Benghazi) . Gharyan .. Gulf of Sidra .. Al Adam Nalut Bani .. - (Khalij Surt) . Walid . .. Li Surt (Sidra) by mzam an Sinawin - Za W P - i la ad a Ajdabiya teau NALUT W MIŞRĀTAH d i h ... T . W rig ad Al Qaryah i a . i al Ham l im Dirj - a l F .. .. l a . .. i A L G E R I A ash Sharqiyah . MarsaSURT al Brega Wad . .. ... Al Ghadāmis . Jaghbub SURT .. Sabkhat . E G Y P T AL JABAL . .. Shunayn AL WAHAT AL GHARBI AL BUTNAN Hun Waddan Maradah Awjilah Jalu hert e Tinr Zillah dat d ama ASH SHĀȚI Al Fuqaha H Sarīr Birak AL JUFRAH Kalanshiyū Sa Adiri hra' SABHĀ Aw ba Sabha ri Awbari L GHAT WADI ALHAYAT Tmassah Umm al i Al' Uwaynat Marzuq Aranib Tazirbu b Waw al Kabir Zighan Ghat Sahra' y M e Al Qatrun s Marzuq MURZŪQ Sahra' a a c Madrusah h Rabyanah Al Wigh Al Kufrah n M Tahrami Rabyanah e S Al Jawf l le a t AL KUFRAH r i r T i D Toummo b a s t i e National capital Ma'tan as Sarra s Al Awaynat Provincial capital e Town LIBYA Major airport r International boundary t Provincial boundary Expressway Main road CHAD Secondary road SUDAN Second, several competing priorities exist, and identifying ownership the starting points for the country’s rehabilitation will be Unlike fellow protesters in Tunisia and Egypt, the Libyans challenging for Libyans and the international community were assisted by the United Nations (UN) Security Council alike. beginning this process correctly is crucial. For an and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in ousting effective launching of a national reconstruction process, their brutal regime. This approach raised questions about Libyans as well as the international community should whether it was NATO’s leadership or the rebels themselves take into consideration certain imperatives for rebuilding who were making the decisions in the campaign against a war-torn Libya. These imperatives include ownership, Qaddafi. Regardless of the actions during the eight-month legitimacy, inclusion, reconciliation and capitalising uprising, it is crucial to keep in mind that the mandate for on tribalism. NATO intervention will no longer be valid when military 4 I conflict trends GETT y IMAGES The confirmed death of Muammar al-qaddafi in october 2011 marked the end of an era of autocracy for Libyans and the start of reconstruction and rebuilding of the war-torn country. operations end in Libya. UN Security Council Resolution To avoid this, decisions about contract management should 1973 authorised the imposition of a no-fly zone, as well as be entirely Libyan, and the procurement process should be taking “all necessary measures to protect civilians”.4 Once transparent, competitive and open to all parties, not only military operations cease, decisions about post-conflict to those who contributed militarily to the removal of the Libya should be fully Libyan.