No. ____________ In the Supreme Court of the United States THE LIBERTARIAN PARTY OF NORTH DAKOTA, RICHARD AMES, THOMMY PASSA AND ANTHONY STEWART, Petitioners, v. ALVIN A. JAEGER, Respondent. On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI OLIVER B. HALL Counsel of Record CENTER FOR COMPETITIVE DEMOCRACY 1835 16 ! S "## NW, S$% e 5 P.O. B&' (1)*) W+,!%-. &-, DC, ()))* /()() (182*(*1 &3%v#"!+3345&67# % %v#8#6&5"+59.&". Counsel for Petitioners F#:"$+"9 (1, ()1( % QUESTIONS PRESENTED W!# !#" + , + $ # "#;$%"%-. !+ 5+-8%8+ #, <&" , + # 3#.%,3+ %v# &<<%5# ,!&= ,$77&" <"&6 +, 6$5! +, 15 7#"5#- &< !# +5 $+3 v& #", %- +- #3#5 %&-, +, + 7"#"#;$%,% # & +77#+"%-. &- !# :+33& , v%&3+ #, !# F%", A6#-86#- , =!#"# !%, C&$" !+, , "$5> 8&=- "#;$%"#6#- , +, !%.! +, 15 7#"5#- &< +5 $+3 v& #",, +-8 !+, -ev#" $7!#38 + :+33& +55#,, "#;$%"#6#- !%.!#" !+- 5 7#"5#- &< "#.%, #"#8 v& #",? W!# !#" + , + $ # "#;$%"%-. !+ 5+-8%8+ #, <&" , + # 3#.%,3+ %v# &<<%5# ,!&= ,$77&" <"&6 +, 6$5! +, 15 7#"5#- &< !# +5 $+3 v& #", %- +- #3#5 %&-, +, + 7"#"#;$%,% # & +77#+"%-. &- !# :+33& , v%&3+ #, !# F&$" ##- ! A6#-86#- , :9 %67&,%-. + 8%,7+"+ # %67+5 &- 6%-&" 7+" 9 +-8 %-8#7#-8#- 5+-8%8+ #,, =!#"# -& ,$5! 5+-8%8+ # !+, +77#+"#8 &- !e .#-#"+3 #3#5 %&- :+33& ,%-5# 1*@6? %% PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING Th# P# % %&-#", +"# !# Li:#" +"%+- P+" 9 &< N&" ! D+>& + /ALPNDB), R%5!+"8 A6#,, Th&669 P+,,+ +-8 A- !&-9 S #=+" /A !# C+-8%8+ #,,B +-8 5&33#5 %v#39 =% ! LPND, A !e Li:#" +"%+-,B). Th# R#,7&-8#- %, N&" ! D+>& + S#5"# +"9 &< S + e A3v%- A. J+#.#" /AS#5"# +"9 J+#.#"B). %%% TABLE OF CONTENTS O7%-%&-, B#3&= . .1 S + #6#- of J$"%,8%5 %&- . 1 C&-, % $ %&-+3 +-d S + $ &"9 Prov%,%&-, Inv&3ved. 1 S + #6#- of !e C+,e . 3 R#+,&-, <&" G"+- %-. C#" %&"+"%. .8 I. The C&$" C, B+33& A55#,, D#5%,%&-, A"e In5&-,%, #- +-d F+%3 o Prov%8# !e Low#" C&$" , W% ! A8#;$+ e G$%8+-5# R#.+"8%-. !e S!&=%-. of S$77&" S + #, M+9 R#;$%"e . .8 II. Th%, C+,e Is +- Idea3 V#!%53# <&" !e C&$" o C3+"%<9 !e Pr&7#" A-+39,%, <&" D# #"6%-%-. W!# !#" !e S!&=%-. of S$77&" R#;$%"#8 B9 + B+33& A55#,, S + $ e I, P#"6%,,%:3e . 11 III. Th%, C&$" C, B+33& A55#,, J$"%,7"$8#-5# F+%3, o Pr& #5 !e Im7&" +- F%", +-d F&$" ##- ! A6#-86#- R%.! , B$"8#-ed B9 R#, "%5 %&-, Th+ S#"v# No Leg% %6+ e S + e In #"#, . 18 C&-53$,%&- . .(1 %v A77#-8%' A D C&$" of A77#+3, O7%-%&- (O5 &:#" 1@, ()11) . 1+ A77#-8%' B D D%, "%5 C&$" C, O7%-%&- (S#7 #6:#" 3, ()1)) . (*+ A77#-8%' C D C&$" of A77#+3, O"8#" D#-9%-. R#!#+"%-. (Nov#6:#" (3, ()11) . 16+ v TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Anderson v. Celebrezze, 16) E.S. @8) /1*83) . 1(,13 Clingman v. Beaver, 511 E.S. 581 /())5) . .1* reen Part! of Ar"ansas v. #aniels, 115 F. S$77. (d 1)56 /E.D. A">. ())6) . .11 $enness v. %ortson, 1)3 E.S. 131 /1*@1) . .passim Lee v. Keith, 163 F.3d @63 /@ ! C%". ())6) . 11 Libertarian Party of Ohio v. Blac"(ell, 16( F.3d 5@* (6 ! C%". ())6) . 13 Libertarian Party of Illinois v. Rednour, 1)8 F.3d @68 /@ ! C%". 1**@) . 11 *cLain v. *eier, 63@ F.(d 115* (8 ! C%". 1*8)) . .13,11 *unro v. Socialist Wor"ers Part!, 1@* E.S. 18* (1*86) . 18,1* Republican Part! of Ar"ansas v. %aulkner Count! Ar"ansas, 1* F.3d 1(8* (8 ! C%". 1**5) . 13 Rogers v. Corbett, 168 F.3d 188 (3"d C%". ())6) . 11 Storer v. Brown, 115 E.S. @(1 (1*@1) . passim +immons v. +(in Cities Area ,e( Part!, 5() E.S. 351 (1**@) . .1* Williams v. Rhodes, 3*3 E.S. (3 (1*68) . .passim v% Constitution and Statutes E.S. C&-, . A68 . I. .passim E.S. C&-, . A68 . FIV . .passim (8 E.S.C. § 1(51/1) . 1 1( E.S.C. § 1*83 . 1 N.D.C.C. § 16.1-11-11 . 1,(,3,5 N.D.C.C. § 16.1-11-3) . 5,@ N.D.C.C. § 16.1-11-36 . passim Other FAIRVOTE, Is +here Accountability Without Candidates- (Nov#6:#" 15, ())@) . 1*,() J#<<"#9 M. J&-#,, Americans Rene( Call for +hird Part!, GALLEP POLITICS (S#7 . 1@, ()1)) . .() NATCL CONF. OF STATE LEGISLATERES, State and Legislative Partisan Composition /()11) . () R%5!+"d W%-.#", +he Supreme Court and the Burial of Ballot Access. A Critical Revie( of $enness v. %ortson, 1 ELECTION LAW JOURNAL N&. (, (1( /())() . *,1) R%5!+"d W%-.#", Supreme Court Re/ects +(o *ore *inor Part! Cases, BALLOT ACCESS NEWS, V&3. (@, N&. @ /Nov#6:#" 1, ()11). .. 18 1 OPINIONS BELOW Th# &7%-%&- &< !# C&$" &< A77#+3, %, "#7&" #8 + 65* F.38 68@. A77. 1+. Th# D%, "%5 C&$" C, &7%-%&-, C+,# N&. 3H1)25v261-RRE, %, -& "#7&" ed. A77. (*+. STATE ENT OF !URISDICTION Th# I$8.6#- &< !# C&$" &< A77#+3, =+, #- #"#8 &- O5 &:#" 1@, ()11, +-8 % , &"8#" 8#-9%-. !# Li:#" +"%+-,C %6#39 <%3#8 6& %&- <&" "#!#+"%-. =+, #- #"#8 &- Nov#6:#" (3, ()11. Th%, C&$" !+, I$"%,8%5 %&- 7$",$+- o (8 E.S.C. § 1(51/10. CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTOR" PROVISIONS INVOL#ED Th# F%", A6#-86#- 7"ov%8#,, %- "#3ev+- 7+" , !+ AC&-."#,, ,!+33 6+># -& 3+= +:"%8.%-. !# <"##8&6 &< ,7##5! J &" !# "%.! &< !# 7#&73# 7#+5#+:39 & +,,#6:3#, +-8 & 7# % %&- !# G&v#"-6#- <&" + "#8"#,, &< ."%ev+-5#,.B E.S. C&-, . A68 . I. Th# F&$" ##- ! A6#-86#- 7"&v%8#,, %- "#3ev+- 7+" , !+ AN& S + # ,!+33 J 8#-9 & +-9 7#",&- =% !%- % , I$"%,8%5 %&- !# #;$+3 7"& #5 %&- &< !e 3+=,.B E.S. C&-, . A68 . FIV. N&" ! D+>& + C#- $"9 C&8# G 16.1211-11 /AS#5 %&- 16.1211-11B) 7"ov%8#,, %- "#3ev+- 7+" H Ev#"9 5+-8%8+ # <&" + 5&$- 9 &" ( 3#.%,3+ %v# 8%, "%5 &<<%5# ,!+33 7"#,#- , :# =##- !# <%", 8+ # 5+-8%8+ #, 6+9 :#.%- 5%"5$3+ %-. -&6%-+ %-. 7# % %&-, +55&"8%-. & !%, 5!+7 #" +-8 :#<&"# <&$" 7.6. &< !# ,%' %# ! 8+9 :#<&"# +-9 7"%6+"9 #3#5 %&-, & !# 5&$- 9 +$8% &" &< !# 5&$- 9 %- =!%5! !# 5+-8%8+ # "#,%8#, #% !#"H 1. A 5#" %<%5+ # &< #-8&",#6#- ,%.-#8 :9 !# 8%, "%5 5!+%"6+- &< +-9 3#.+339 "#5&.-%Ked 7&3% %5+3 7+" 9 5&- +%-%-. !# 5+-8%8+ #L, -+6#, 7&, 2&<<%5# +88"#,,, +-8 #3#7!&-# -$6:#", !# % 3# &< !# &<<%5# & =!%5! !# 5+-8%8+ # +,7%"#,, +-8 !# 7+" 9 !+ !# 5+-8%8+ # "#7"#,#- ,M &" (. A 7# % %&- 5&- +%-%-. !e <&33&=%-.H 5. Th# ,%.-+ $"#, &< ;$+3%<%#8 #3#5 &",, !# -$6:#" &< =!%5! 6$, :e 8# #"6%-#8 +, <&33&=,H /10 If !# &<<%5# %, + 3#.%,3+ %v# &<<%5#, !# ,%.-+ $"#, &< + 3#+, &-# 7#"5#- &< !# & +3 "#,%8#- 7&7$3+ %&- &< !# 3#.%,3+ %v# 8%, "%5 +, 8# #"6%-#8 :9 !# 6&, "#5#- <#8#"+3 8#5#--%+3 5#-,$,. 3 (50 In -& 5+,# 6+9 6&"# !+- !"## !$-8"#8 ,%.-+ $"#, :e "#;$%"ed. N&" ! D+>& + C#- $"9 C&8# G 16.1211-36 /AS#5 %&- 16.1211-36B) 7"ov%8#,, %- "#3ev+- 7+" H A 7#",&- 6+9 -& :# 8##6#8 -&6%-+ #8 +, + 5+-8%8+ # <&" +-9 &<<%5# + +-9 7"%6+"9 #3#5 %&- $-3#,, !+ 7#",&- "#5#%v#, + -$6:#" &< v& #, #;$+3 & !# -$6:#" of ,%.-+ $"#, "#;$%"ed, &" =!%5! =&$38 !+v# :##- "#;$%"#8 !+8 !# 7#",&- -& !+8 !# 7#",&-C, -+6# 73+5#8 &- !# :+33& !"&$.! + 5#" %<%5+ # &< #-8&",#6#- , &- + 7# % %&- & !+v# + 5+-8%8+ #C, -+6# <&" !+ &<<%5e 73+5ed &- !e 7"%6+"9 :+33& . N.D.C.C. § 16.1-11-36. STATE ENT OF THE CASE Th%, 5+,# "+%,#, =& 8%,5"# # %,,$#, &< <$-8+6#- +3 %67&" +-5# & !# 7"&7#" 8%,7&,% %&- &< ev#"9 :+33& +55#,, 5+,# %- !# -+ %&-. F%", , =!+ %, !# $77#" 3%6% &- !# A6&8%5$6 &< ,$77&" B + , + # 6+9 "#;$%"# &< 5+-8%8+ #, ,##>%-. :+33& +55#,,? S#5&-d, !&= %, % & :# 6#+,$"#8? A3 !&$.! !%, C&$" "&$ %-#39 "#5&.-%K#, !+ ,$5! + 3%6% #'%, ,, % !+, -ev#" 8%"#5 39 +88"#,,#8 !+ ;$#, %&-. In, #+d, %- 6&"# !+- + 8&K#- 5+,#, 8#5%8%-. !# 5&-, % $ %&-+3% 9 &< :+33& +55#,, , + $ #,, !# C&$" !+, +773%#8 %-5&-,%, #- +-8 7& #- %+339 5&-<3%5 %-. 1 , +-8+"8, +-8 7"&5#8$"#, <&" +,5#" +%-%-. !# 3ev#3 &< ,$77&" !#9 "#;$%"#, +-d <&" 8# #"6%-%-. =!# !#" ,$5! :$"8#-, +"# 7#"6%,,%:3#. A, + "#,$3 , !# 3&=#" 5&$" , 3+5> +8#;$+ # .$%8+-5# & .&v#"- !#%" "ev%#= &< :+33& +55#,, , + $ #,, +-8 &< #- "#,&" & ad hoc "#+,&-%-. +773%#8 &- + 5+,# :9 5+,# :+,%,. Th# 8#5%,%&-, :9 !# 5&$" , :#3&= %- !%, 5+,# +"# :$ !# 3+ #, #'+673#. Th# C&$" &< A77#+3, #'7"#,,39 "#5&.-%K#8 !+ !# 5!+33#-.#8 7"ov%,%&- %- !%, 5+,# %67&,#, + :$"8#- !%, C&$" !+, 7"ev%&$,39 , "$5> 8&=-, :$ $7!#38 !# 7"ov%,%&- -&-# !#3#,,, %- + 8#5%,%&- !+ 5+--& :# "#5&-5%3#8 =% ! !%, C&$" C, 7"#5#8#- . S$5! <$-8+6#- +3 5&-<$,%&- ov#" !# 7"&7#" +-+39,%, & :# +773%#8 %- :+33& +55#,, 5+,#, 8#6&-, "+ #, !# ."+v# -##8 <&" !%, C&$" & %- #"v#-#, & #-,$"# $-%<&"6% 9 +6&-. !# 3&=#" 5&$" , 8#5%8%-. ,$5! 5+,#, %- !# <%", %-, +-5#, +-8 & 7"& #5 !# %67&" +- +-8 %- #"8#7#-8#- F%", +-8 F&$" ##- ! A6#-86#- "%.! , &< 6%-&" 7+" 9 +-8 %-8#7#-8#- 5+-8%8+ #, +-8 v& #",, +, =#33 +, !&,# &< !# ."&=%-. 6+I&"% 9 &< A6#"%5+-, &< +33 7&3% %5+3 +<<%3%+ %&-, =!& =+- 6&"# 5!&%5#, &- !# :+33& . Th# Li:#" +"%+-, 5&66#-5#8 !%, +5 %&- &- J$39 (), ()1), & 5!+33#-.# !# 5&-, % $ %&-+3% 9 &< S#5 %&- 16.1-11-36. Th#9 +33#.#8 !+ !# 7"ov%,%&- v%&3+ #8 !#%" "%.! , $-8#" !# F%", +-8 F&$" ##- ! A6#-86#- ,, +-8 "#;$#, #8 8#53+"+ &"9 +-8 %-I$-5 %v# "#3%#< 7$",$+- & 1( E.S.C. G 1*83. C&673+%- /AC&67.B0 NN (*211M A77. 3)+. Th#9 +3,& 6ov#8 <&" + 7"#3%6%-+"9 %-I$-5 %&- 8%"#5 %-. !+ S#5"# +"9 J+#.#" 73+5# !# C+-8%8+ #, &- N&" ! D+>& +C, ()1) .#-#"+3 #3#5 %&- :+33& . A77. 3)+. 5 S#5 %&- 16.1-11-36 7"&!%:% , =%--#", &< 7+" %,+- 7"%6+"9 #3#5 %&-, <"&6 +77#+"%-. &- N&" ! D+>& +C, .#-#"+3 #3#5 %&- :+33& $-3#,, !#9 "#5#%v# + ,7#5%<%#8 6%-%6$6 -$6:#" &< v& #, %- !# 7"%6+"9 #3#5 %&-.