Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Using time-lapse and stroboscopic photography to enhance student understanding of plant growth, structure, and pollination: an inquiry-based study Louis John Schultz Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Schultz, Louis John, "Using time-lapse and stroboscopic photography to enhance student understanding of plant growth, structure, and pollination: an inquiry-based study" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 676. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/676 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. USING TIME-LAPSE AND STROBOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY TO ENHANCE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING OF PLANT GROWTH, STRUCTURE, AND POLLINATION: AN INQUIRY-BASED STUDY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Educational Theory, Policy, & Practice By Louis J. Schultz, Sr. B.S.M.A.E., Oklahoma State University, 1970 B.S., Southeastern Louisiana University, 1974 M.Ed., Southeastern Louisiana University, 1976 Ed.S., Louisiana State University, 1999 May 2007 ©Copyright 2007 Louis J. Schultz, Sr. All right reserved ii DEDICATION To my mother Elizabeth N. Perkins and The memory of my mother-in-law, Josie Carreca. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The accomplishment of something significant is rarely the work of an individual. I would have never reached this point without the undying support of family, friends, and mentors. I could never adequately express my appreciation to my wife Mary Ann, who has always been there to support me in this endeavor. It would have been impossible without her. A special thanks to my children, grandchildren, and mother for their support. A special thank you goes out to Brandi and Daniel for being my test subjects when I needed them and my sister Betty for her help in constructing the black room. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Melinda Holt and Dr. Brenda Nixon for sharing their time and expertise in all phases of this project and the students and staff at my research school for their cooperation and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. James Wandersee without whose mentoring this would have been impossible. His philosophy of increasing ones own knowledge and at the same time sharing that knowledge with others will always be a part of me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Historical Aspects of Scientific Images...........................................................................................1 Multiple Images ...............................................................................................................................2 Technological Changes in Imaging .................................................................................................4 Stroboscopic Photography ...............................................................................................................5 Motion Pictures................................................................................................................................5 Slow Motion.....................................................................................................................................7 Time-Lapse Photography.................................................................................................................7 Images and Learning........................................................................................................................9 Major Learning Paradigms ..............................................................................................................9 Scientific Literacy..........................................................................................................................11 Botany and Science Education.......................................................................................................12 Rationale for the Study ..................................................................................................................13 Research Questions........................................................................................................................15 Definition of Terms........................................................................................................................16 Gowin Vee .....................................................................................................................................17 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................18 Early Scientific Images..................................................................................................................18 Multiple Images .............................................................................................................................22 Hand Sketches................................................................................................................................23 Technological Changes and Images...............................................................................................24 Stroboscopic Photography ..........................................................................................................25 Early Attempts at Motion............................................................................................................26 First Motion Picture ....................................................................................................................27 High Speed Photography and Motion Pictures...........................................................................28 Time-Lapse Photography............................................................................................................29 Visual Cognition ............................................................................................................................30 Learning Paradigms .......................................................................................................................33 Humanism...................................................................................................................................34 Behaviorism ................................................................................................................................35 Cognitism....................................................................................................................................36 Constructivism ............................................................................................................................36 v Human Constructivism ...............................................................................................................36 METHODS AND MATERIALS...................................................................................................39 Sample............................................................................................................................................39 Institutional Review Board ............................................................................................................40 Focus of the Study .........................................................................................................................41 Protocols ........................................................................................................................................42 Materials ........................................................................................................................................42 Amaryllis Bulbs ..........................................................................................................................43 Daylilies ......................................................................................................................................44 Tree Seeds...................................................................................................................................44 Dark Room..................................................................................................................................45