UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERONÁUTICOS Investigation on the applicability of biofuels in the operation of commercial aircraft Tesis Doctoral Hazariah Mohd Noh Bsc in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Technology Msc in Aeronautics Engineering Madrid, July 2016 DEPARTAMENTO DE SISTEMAS AEROESPACIALES, TRANSPORTE AÉREO Y AEROPUERTOS ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERONÁUTICOS Investigation on the applicability of biofuels in the operation of commercial aircraft Ph.D. Thesis Dissertation Hazariah Mohd Noh Bsc in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Technology Msc in Aeronautics Engineering Director: Gustavo Alonso Rodrigo Doctor Ingeniero Aeronáutico Madrid, July 2016 Tribunal nombrado por el Sr. Rector Magfco. de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día...............de.............................de 20.... Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Suplente: Suplente: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día..........de........................de 20 ... en la E.T.S.I. /Facultad.................................................... Calificación .................................................. EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO i | P a g e INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii | P a g e Acknowledgement First and foremost, I am grateful to the mighty of Allah for enabling me to complete this Ph.D. journey. It would not have been possible to be writing without the help and support of the kind of people around me, especially to my supervisor, Professor Dr Gustavo Alonso Rodrigo for his continues support and encouragement. I offer my sincere appreciation for the learning opportunities provided where there’s no single negative feedback in every appointment and meeting. With his positive ‘aura’ and advice that keep me move on until now. Above all, I would like to thank my husband Muhamed Roihan Yusoff, for his personal support and sacrifices. His great patience and love at all the time have made my journey complete, which my sheer expression of thanks does not suffice. To my both princesses Haaniyah and Ameena, you both might not understand now, but thank you for the cuddly and kisses when I need it most. A simple gesture like running and hugging once I came back from the University such a sweet honey added to my tea. My parents Haji Mohd Noh and Hajjah Bibah Uyub, my siblings, Along Hariati, Angah Hairanni, Abg teh Hazrul Hafizi and my little brother Hazizul Hanafi, brothers and sisters in law, for unequivocal support throughout. I will never forget how supportive they are in giving me the moral support and unconditional love. My late mothers in law passed away in my first year of the Ph.D. journey. Her support and warm thought and love will always be with me, her courage raising her eight children all by herself is always be my idol, on how strong she is. “Birds don’t just fly; they fall down and get up. Nobody learns without getting it wrong.” May Allah bless her soul, Amen. My deepest appreciation goes to Professor Angel Alvarez Rodriguez & wife, who is helping us lots with many things, academic and personnel. The kids will always remember you as professor grandpa. Not to forget, my mentor that always keep me stronger with all his motivation advise Professor Haji Ahmad Zahir. Thank you to UniKL/MIAT for supporting my family and me to be here, financial and continuous support. iii | P a g e Appreciation also goes to Professor Arturo Benito in guiding me since my first master in the year of 2009 where his advice and unsurpassed knowledge in the field of air transportation and the environment. I am also indebted to all professors in air transportation department and not to forget Mamen and friends whose always be my ‘unofficial Spanish teacher.' I am glad I know all of you. I would like to express my appreciation to Airlines Systems, a technical service department, record technical department, and mostly personnel in engineering and maintenance. More than 50 peoples if need to mentioned all. All the contribution, advice, knowledge, leads me to find the light for my Ph.D. I would like to acknowledge, Alberto Blanch and friends From SENASA under project ITAKA. Even though my contribution is very little, but my experiences lead to enhancing my journey. I also would like to acknowledge my friends who are like my family here in Madrid, Judy & Julien, Sujith & Ramy, Adeel & Saba, Bayajid & Marina, Gowtham & Yaimini, Nages, Enian, Larry, Lu Yin, Shah & Imran, Fatema, Fatin, Ammar, Joaquin, and to my Clinic colleague in Malaysia Dr. Sue, Dr. Mulia, Dr. Husri, Dr. Nurul, Dr. Ley, Dr. Shahrul, Dr. Aida, Dr. Yatie, Emma to only some of whom it is possible to give a particular mention here. Also to Belqis & family for offering a friendship that, will last forever. Finally, I cannot express enough thanks to Maria Secretariat postgrados ETSIA, Arancha Lauder & Carmen from International office for their patience in entertaining all questions. I wish everybody all happiness and hope the friendship will not end here. España siempre estará en mi corazón. iv | P a g e Dedication to; My husband Roihan and my princesses; Haani & Ameena I love you to the moon and back…… v | P a g e Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... vi List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... xv List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... xviii Appendices .............................................................................................................................................xx Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ xxi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Problem statement ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Research question ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Significances of the Study ............................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Limitation ........................................................................................................................................ 11 1.7 Thesis Structure .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.8 Conclusion for Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................ 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Reviews from Reports and Documentations .................................................................................. 16 2.2 Aviation Biofuel and IATA’s Four Pillar Strategy ............................................................................. 18 2.3 Background EU legislation on biofuels ............................................................................................ 23 2.4 Biofuel flight test and schedule from 2009 until May 2016 ........................................................... 27 2.5 Current energy used in aircraft engine ........................................................................................... 32 2.6 Aviation drop in biofuel - Requirements ......................................................................................... 40 2.7 Aviation and Environment .............................................................................................................. 44 2.8 Fuel Revolution ............................................................................................................................... 49 2.8.1 Biojet fuel overview- Biofuel generation ..................................................................................... 51 2.8.2 Conventional fuel-First generation .............................................................................................. 52 2.8.3 Advanced Biofuels ........................................................................................................................ 53 2.8.4 Short and long terms feedstock ................................................................................................... 54 2.8.5 Biofuel process methods .............................................................................................................